Knowledge about medicinal mushrooms & nutrition

A mushroom that grows from a caterpillar – what sounds like science fiction happens every year on the mountain meadows of the Himalayas. The Cordyceps, also known as the caterpillar fungus, is one of the most unusual mushrooms in the world and, at the same time, one of the most expensive natural products of all. How does this mushroom live, where does it come from, and why is it primarily cultivated Cordyceps that is used today? An overview of an extraordinary representative from the kingdom of fungi. Winter worm, summer grass: an extraordinary way of life In late summer, the mushroom's spores infect larvae of certain moths that live in the soil. Over the winter, the mycelium grows through the larva. In early summer, a slender, brownish fruiting body then pushes its way from the larva to the surface of the soil. This extraordinary cycle has given the mushroom its Chinese name: Dong Chong Xia Cao – "winter worm, summer grass." Late Summer Spores enter the soil and infect the larvae living there. Winter The mycelium grows through the larva and uses it as a nutrient source. Early Summer The fruiting body grows out of the larva to the soil surface. Origin: mountain meadows between 3,000 and 5,000 meters The wild caterpillar fungus grows on alpine meadows in the Tibetan Highlands and the surrounding Himalayan regions. For many families in these regions, collecting them during the short season is an important source of income. The fruiting bodies, which are only a few centimeters tall, are correspondingly difficult to spot among the vegetation. According to a frequently told legend, Tibetan shepherds first noticed the mushroom because their yaks particularly liked to graze on these specific mountain meadows. Such stories are part of the lore surrounding the caterpillar fungus and should not be equated with scientific evidence. Did you know? The wild-growing caterpillar fungus now bears the scientific name Ophiocordyceps sinensis. It was previously classified in the genus Cordyceps – hence the name "Cordyceps sinensis," which is still in common use today. Due to high collection pressure and declining populations, the species is classified as endangered on the IUCN Red List. Why Cordyceps is cultivated today Wild caterpillar fungus is rare, expensive, and its natural populations are under high collection pressure. Cultivated Cordyceps raw materials are therefore used for products. Various methods and mushroom species are used for this purpose. Mycelium from fermentation A mushroom strain is cultivated as mycelium in a nutrient liquid. A well-known example is the CS-4 strain. This method does not require natural development in an insect larva. Cordyceps militaris A related species with characteristic orange fruiting bodies. Cordyceps militaris can be cultivated under controlled conditions and is capable of forming fruiting bodies. Cordyceps at HAWLIK: Cultivated CS-4 mycelium is used for HAWLIK Cordyceps products. This is cultivated in a nutrient liquid. What is in Cordyceps? Cordyceps contains various natural components. Which substances and what quantities are present depends on, among other things, the mushroom species, the strain, the mushroom material used, and the cultivation process. ✓ Polysaccharides ✓ Nucleosides ✓ Amino acids ✓ Sugar alcohols like mannitol The compounds being investigated in research include nucleosides such as adenosine and – especially in the case of Cordyceps militaris – cordycepin. What does research say? Various components of Cordyceps are the subject of scientific studies. A large part of this research consists of laboratory and animal studies. The results of such investigations cannot be readily transferred to the effect of a food product on humans. Cordyceps as powder, extract, or capsule Cordyceps raw materials can be processed in different ways. Powder is produced by drying and finely grinding the mushroom material used. In the case of an extract, certain soluble components are extracted from the starting material. The extract can then be concentrated and dried. Depending on the product, extracts can be standardized to certain ingredients. Powder and extracts therefore differ in their production and composition. Which form is used depends on the respective product, the raw material used, and its specification. An extraordinary mushroom The caterpillar fungus combines an unusual way of life with a long history in Tibet and China. The natural Ophiocordyceps sinensis is closely tied to its habitat and specific host insects. In contrast, cultivated Cordyceps raw materials are available for today's products. Anyone comparing Cordyceps products can therefore look for information regarding the mushroom species, the mushroom material used, and the manufacturing process. Discover Cordyceps from HAWLIK Learn more about the various HAWLIK Cordyceps products, compositions, and product information. To Cordyceps products → Frequently asked questions about Cordyceps What is Cordyceps? The name Cordyceps is used for various parasitic sac fungi that are associated with insects or other arthropods. The caterpillar fungus from the Himalayas, Ophiocordyceps sinensis, is particularly well-known. Is Cordyceps vegan? The wild-growing Ophiocordyceps sinensis develops in insect larvae. Cultivated Cordyceps raw materials, however, can be produced without insects. Whether a specific product is vegan should be checked on its product label. What is the difference between Cordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps militaris? The caterpillar fungus, formerly known as Cordyceps sinensis, is scientifically called Ophiocordyceps sinensis today. It occurs naturally in high mountain regions of Asia and develops in insect larvae. Cordyceps militaris is a different species that forms characteristic orange fruiting bodies and can be cultivated under controlled conditions. What does CS-4 mean? CS-4 refers to a cultivated Cordyceps mushroom strain. The mycelium is cultivated under controlled conditions through fermentation in a liquid nutrient medium. Why is wild caterpillar fungus so expensive? Wild Ophiocordyceps sinensis is only found in certain high mountain regions and is collected by hand during a short season. The limited natural supply meets high demand, which can lead to very high market prices. Note: This article is for general information and describes Cordyceps as a mushroom. Information regarding mushroom species, traditional use, and scientific research does not constitute a statement on the prevention, treatment, or cure of diseases. Dietary supplements are not a substitute for a varied, balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle. For specific products, the respective product information applies.

Abdominal pain, bloating, bouts of diarrhea, then constipation – and yet, tests show nothing abnormal. For many people, the path to a diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) begins in this or a similar way. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is not dangerous, but it can severely limit everyday life. This article explains what is behind these complaints, how a diagnosis is made, and what general measures can be beneficial in daily life. What is irritable bowel syndrome? Irritable bowel syndrome is one of the so-called functional bowel disorders. This means: the gut’s function is impaired, without any inflammation, tumor, or other organic cause being found during examinations. Today, experts also speak of a disorder of the gut-brain axis – that is, the communication between the nervous system and the digestive tract. Irritable bowel syndrome is one of the most common reasons for a doctor's visit due to digestive complaints. Typical symptoms The complaints vary greatly from person to person – in type, severity, and timing. Common symptoms include: ✓ Abdominal pain or cramps ✓ Bloating and a feeling of fullness ✓ Diarrhea ✓ Constipation ✓ Alternating between the two Depending on the predominant stool pattern, specialists distinguish between several types: Diarrhea-predominant Predominantly soft or liquid stools. Constipation-predominant Predominantly hard, infrequent stools. Mixed-type Diarrhea and constipation alternate. Possible causes There is no single cause. Research assumes that several factors work together: altered bowel movements (motility) increased sensitivity of the gut nerves changes in the composition of gut bacteria a previous gastrointestinal infection stress and psychological strain certain foods or eating habits How these factors are connected in detail is not yet fully understood. However, the complaints can still be very distressing – even if examinations show no organic cause. How is the diagnosis made? When irritable bowel syndrome is suspected, the symptoms are evaluated by a doctor and other possible causes are considered. These may include, for example, chronic inflammatory bowel diseases, celiac disease, infections, or intolerances such as lactose or fructose malabsorption. Depending on the situation, clarification may include: a detailed conversation about symptoms and habits a physical examination blood and stool tests if necessary, further examinations such as an ultrasound or colonoscopy The international Rome IV criteria, among others, serve as a guide for the diagnosis. These criteria consider recurrent abdominal pain in conjunction with changes in bowel habits, specifically the frequency or consistency of stools. ! These signs should be checked by a doctor Blood in the stool, unintentional weight loss, fever, nocturnal symptoms, or anemia should be investigated by a doctor. Medical clarification is also advisable if symptoms are new or persistent. This allows other possible causes of the symptoms to be considered. What can help in everyday life There is no "magic bullet." However, many affected people eventually find out which foods and habits they tolerate well. The following approaches can provide a general guide – for pronounced or persistent complaints, it is best to consult a doctor or a nutrition professional. Observe diet A food and symptom diary can help to identify potential personal triggers. For example, you can note meals, symptoms, and other factors of the day. The FODMAP method FODMAP stands for certain fermentable carbohydrates. They occur, among other things, in onions, garlic, legumes, wheat, certain fruits, and dairy products. In a low-FODMAP diet, such foods are initially reduced for a limited time. Subsequently, individual food groups are gradually reintroduced to assess individual tolerance. Since the range of foods can be significantly restricted, the method should ideally be accompanied by a qualified nutrition professional. Choose fiber individually Tolerance to dietary fiber can also vary individually. Soluble fiber is found, for example, in oats and psyllium husks. When increasing fiber intake, it is advisable to proceed gradually and drink sufficient fluids. Small habits for everyday life ✓ Eat meals in peace and chew well ✓ Pay attention to your individually tolerated portion size ✓ Drink regularly, for example water or unsweetened herbal teas ✓ Prefer foods you personally tolerate well ✓ Integrate regular exercise into your daily life ✓ Schedule conscious breaks and relaxation phases Stress and the gut-brain axis The gut and the nervous system are connected. Stress and psychological strain can therefore, in some people, be associated with changes in digestive complaints. Relaxation techniques, breathing exercises, and other strategies for managing stress can be supplementary components of an individual approach to managing symptoms. Conclusion Irritable bowel syndrome can significantly impair everyday life and quality of life. Since similar symptoms can have different causes, a thorough medical evaluation is important. Diet, exercise, relaxation, and observing personal triggers can help to align your everyday life more consciously with your individual tolerance. Frequently asked questions about IBS Is irritable bowel syndrome dangerous? According to current knowledge, irritable bowel syndrome does not cause structural damage to the gut. However, the symptoms can significantly impair quality of life. Since similar symptoms can also have other causes, persistent symptoms should be clarified by a doctor. How do I know if I have irritable bowel syndrome? Recurrent abdominal pain in conjunction with changes in bowel habits can be consistent with irritable bowel syndrome. Such complaints can, however, have different causes. Therefore, the diagnosis should be made by a doctor. What is the FODMAP diet? The low-FODMAP diet is a time-limited nutritional concept in which specific fermentable carbohydrates are initially reduced and then reintroduced step-by-step. The goal is to assess individual tolerance to various foods. Professional guidance is recommended. Can stress influence IBS symptoms? Stress is not considered the sole cause of irritable bowel syndrome. However, through the gut-brain axis, stress and psychological strain can be related to changes in digestive complaints. When should I see a doctor? Newly appearing, persistent, or pronounced digestive complaints should be clarified by a doctor. This applies in particular to warning signs such as blood in the stool, unintentional weight loss, fever, or nocturnal symptoms. Read more Understanding Gastritis Chronic inflammatory bowel diseases Healthy sleep: small habits Note: This article is for general information purposes only and does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult your doctor for any health concerns. The content does not refer to HAWLIK products. $0

When the days grow shorter and it gets light later in the morning and dark earlier in the evening, some people notice changes in their mood, energy, and drive. You may feel more tired, less motivated, or withdraw more often. Colloquially, this is sometimes referred to as the "winter blues." However, a low mood during the darker time of year is not automatically depression. Stress, personal burdens, changes in everyday life, and many other factors can also influence our mental well-being. It is important to be aware of your own mood and to take burdens seriously. You do not have to deal with a depressive mood on your own. It can be helpful to talk about it with someone you trust. What is a depressive mood? The term "depressive mood" describes a state of mind that can be characterized by despondency, sadness, or reduced drive. It can occur, for example, in connection with stress, feeling overwhelmed, grief, conflict, or other stressful life situations. How such a phase is experienced is individual. Some people feel primarily exhausted or unmotivated, while others withdraw more, sleep differently than usual, or find less pleasure in things that normally make them feel good. A depressive mood is not automatically the same as depression. Although the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably in everyday life, they should be distinguished from one another. Depressive mood or depression – what is the difference? A depressive mood initially describes a low state of mind. Depression, on the other hand, is a mental illness that is professionally diagnosed. The following overview serves as a guide and shows some fundamental differences. Depressive mood Depression Classification Describes a low or despondent state of mind. Is a mental illness that is professionally diagnosed. Possible influencing factors Can occur, for example, in connection with stress, feeling overwhelmed, grief, conflict, or stressful life situations. Biological, psychological, and social factors can play a role in depression. Possible signs For example, despondency, exhaustion, inner restlessness, or less drive. Typical symptoms may include a low mood, loss of interest or joy, and reduced drive, among others. Further symptoms may be present. Effects Can impair personal well-being and daily life. Can significantly impair various areas of life such as everyday life, work, relationships, and social activities. Dealing with it Take your own burden seriously, pay attention to your own needs, and talk about it with someone you trust. Additional professional support may be useful if there is uncertainty or if the burden is greater. Professional clarification is important. Depending on the individual situation, different treatment options are available. Important: This overview is for general orientation purposes and is not for self-diagnosis. Psychological symptoms can vary greatly from person to person. How can a depressive mood manifest? A depressive mood can manifest differently from person to person. In addition to despondency, symptoms such as exhaustion, less motivation, inner restlessness, or an increased need to withdraw can occur. Sleep, concentration, appetite, or general well-being can also change. However, individually, these signs do not necessarily indicate the presence of a mental illness. Mood Despondency Energy Exhaustion & reduced drive Sleep Changed sleep Withdrawal Less interest in activities Why can our mood change? Our mood is influenced by many different factors. Burdens in professional or private life, conflicts, grief, changes in life situations, lack of sleep, or stress can affect mental well-being. Biological and physical factors can also play a role. Mood and well-being are created through a complex interaction of processes in the body and brain, personal experiences, and current life circumstances. The idea that a low mood can fundamentally be traced back to a deficiency of a single messenger substance like serotonin is therefore too simplistic. When the dark season affects your spirits In autumn and winter, our everyday life changes. The days get shorter, we often get less natural daylight, and we spend more time indoors. At the same time, some people's personal daily rhythm changes. During this time, some notice that they feel more tired, have less energy, or withdraw more often. Colloquially, this change in mood is often referred to as the "winter blues." It is important not to classify every seasonal low mood as depression. A depressive mood can have different backgrounds, and the time of year is just one of many possible influencing factors. Especially during this time, it can be helpful to become more aware of your own needs, to actively structure your everyday life, and to talk to others about how you are feeling. 4 impulses for the darker season Small changes do not simply resolve burdens. However, they can help you pay more attention to your own needs and give your everyday life structure and balance. Daylight Consciously go outside Exercise Stay active regularly Structure Create routines in everyday life Connection Talk about it Utilize daylight: Especially during the darker time of year, it can be beneficial to consciously spend time outdoors in natural daylight. A walk in the morning, during your lunch break, or on the weekend is often easy to integrate into your daily life. Stay active: Walks, cycling, or other forms of exercise bring activity into your daily life. It is not about peak performance. The key is to find a form of exercise that fits your personal situation and that you enjoy doing. Give your day structure: When energy and motivation are lacking, small routines can provide guidance. Regular bedtimes, mealtimes, or consciously planned activities can help structure the day. Talk about it: You do not have to deal with a depressive mood on your own. Talking with someone you trust, spending time together, or going for a walk can be helpful. Especially when your mood is low, it can be helpful not to withdraw completely and to share your feelings with someone else. Talking to others about your mood Talking about your own mood is not easy for everyone. Sometimes it already helps to tell someone you trust that you are currently feeling despondent, exhausted, or overwhelmed. The person you are talking to does not need to have a solution right away. Listening, showing understanding, or doing something together can already be supportive. Anyone who notices that their psychological burden is causing increasing concern or that everyday life is becoming significantly more difficult can seek additional professional support. Family doctors, as well as psychological or psychiatric specialists, can be suitable points of contact. How can I support someone with a depressive mood? It is not always easy for relatives and friends to know how to react. It is often helpful to listen first and to take the feelings of the person affected seriously. Instead of rushing to offer solutions, you can ask what would feel good right now. A conversation, a walk together, or simply spending some time with each other can be ways to show support. Statements like "Pull yourself together" or "Just think positively," on the other hand, are of little help. Every person experiences burdens differently, and how one deals with them is also individual. When is professional support useful? A depressive mood is not automatically depression. Nevertheless, psychological symptoms and your own burden should be taken seriously. If your mood is severely affected, everyday life is becoming increasingly difficult, or there is uncertainty about what is behind the changes, a conversation with a medical or psychological professional can be useful. Well through the darker season Less daylight, an altered daily rhythm, and more time indoors can make the darker season more challenging for some people. At the same time, everyone reacts differently to seasonal changes. Consciously noticing your own mood, ensuring you get enough daylight and exercise, structuring your everyday life, and maintaining contact with others are simple ways to look after your own well-being in everyday life. And especially important: If you are not doing well, you do not have to stay alone with it. Talking to someone you trust can be a first step. Note: This article is for general information purposes only and does not replace professional medical or psychological diagnosis, advice, or treatment. If you are experiencing distressing psychological symptoms, please consult a suitably qualified medical or psychological professional.

Fungi are all around us – in the forest, in the kitchen, and sometimes even where we least expect them. Despite this, their diversity is frequently underestimated. Fungi are neither plants nor animals, but form their own kingdom with a fascinating variety of forms and ways of life. What we perceive as a "mushroom" is often just a small visible part of the actual organism. Below the ground, in wood, or in other organic material, a widely branched network of fungal threads can be hidden. Time, therefore, to take a closer look at the world of fungi. Fungi – neither plant nor animal Fungi were once classified as plants. Today, in biological taxonomy, they form their own kingdom. Unlike plants, fungi do not perform photosynthesis. They absorb nutrients from their environment, thus playing an important role in numerous ecosystems. Many fungi decompose dead organic material and return the nutrients contained within it to the natural cycle. Others live in close association with plants or use living organisms as a food source. What we see – and what remains hidden On a walk in the forest, we usually see the fruiting body. In many fungal species, it serves to produce and disperse spores. A large part of the actual fungal organism, however, remains hidden. Fruiting body The visible part of many fungi, which serves, among other things, the production and dispersal of spores. Hyphae Fine, thread-like structures that can make up the fungal organism. Mycelium The branched network of many hyphae that spreads, for example, in the soil or wood. Mycorrhiza – when fungus and plant work together A particularly fascinating form of cooperation is mycorrhiza. In this process, certain fungi enter into a close connection with the roots of plants. The fine fungal hyphae reach into areas of the soil that plant roots alone can only partially access. They assist the plant in the uptake of water and minerals. In return, the fungus receives carbon-rich compounds from the plant, which were created through photosynthesis. Mycorrhizal fungi can form widely branched networks in the soil with their hyphae. In some cases, multiple plants can be connected through fungal networks. How substances and signals are exchanged within such networks and what ecological significance this has in detail is a subject of scientific research. Did you know? Fungal organisms can reach astonishing dimensions. A well-known specimen of Armillaria ostoyae in the Malheur National Forest in the US state of Oregon covers about 965 hectares. Based on biomass estimates, it is considered one of the largest known living organisms on Earth. The three lifestyles of fungi Fungi follow different life strategies. Some live in close association with plants, others break down dead organic material, and still others use living organisms as hosts. The boundaries between these can be fluid. Symbiosis partners Together with plants Mycorrhizal fungi live in close association with plants. The fungal hyphae expand the area from which water and minerals can be absorbed. In return, the fungus receives carbon-rich compounds from the plant. ✓ Connection with plant roots ✓ Exchange of resources ✓ Important for many forest ecosystems View fungal examples Porcini Boletus edulis Edible: Yes Truffle Tuber melanosporum Edible: Yes Fly Agaric Amanita muscaria Edible: No Decomposers Nature's recyclers Saprotrophic fungi use dead organic material such as wood, leaves, or other plant remains. During the decomposition of this material, nutrients are returned to natural cycles. ✓ Decomposition of organic material ✓ Part of the natural nutrient cycle ✓ Includes numerous well-known edible mushrooms View fungal examples Shiitake Lentinula edodes Edible: Yes Button Mushroom Agaricus bisporus Edible: Yes Lion's Mane Hericium erinaceus Edible: Yes Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus Edible: Yes Enoki Flammulina filiformis Edible: Yes Wood Ear Auricularia auricula-judae Edible: Yes Agaricus Agaricus sp. Edible: Depends on species Coprinus Coprinus sp. Edible mushroom: depends on species Parasites Live on or in a host Parasitic fungi use living organisms as a source of food. In this process, trees, plants, insects, or other organisms can serve as hosts, for example. ✓ Use of a living host ✓ Very diverse host organisms ✓ Part of natural ecosystems View mushroom examples Chaga Inonotus obliquus Edible mushroom: not a classic edible mushroom Cordyceps Cordyceps / related genera Edible mushroom: not a classic edible mushroom Maitake Grifola frondosa Edible mushroom: Yes Polyporus Polyporus sp. Edible mushroom: depends on species Multiple ways of life Not always clear-cut Classifying fungi into symbionts, decomposers, and parasites is a simplification. Some fungi can exhibit different strategies depending on the species, host, and life stage. For instance, they may initially colonize living wood and later continue to break down dead wood as well. View mushroom example Reishi Ganoderma lucidum Edible mushroom: not a classic edible mushroom ! Good to know Biological ways of life cannot always be divided into rigid categories. Some wood-inhabiting fungi can be found on living trees and later continue to break down dead wood. Note: Information regarding edible mushrooms is intended for general classification purposes and is not a guide for gathering or consuming wild mushrooms. Wild mushrooms should only be eaten if they have been identified with absolute certainty by an expert. From mushroom to powder and extract Beyond their use as food, certain mushroom species are also processed into powders or extracts. For mushroom powder, the mushroom material used is dried and finely ground. For a mushroom extract, selected components are dissolved from the raw material using an extraction process. The resulting extract can then be further processed and dried. Therefore, powder and extract are not the same. The raw materials and manufacturing processes used may vary depending on the product. Mushrooms in new roles We encounter mushrooms in far more places than just the forest. Edible mushrooms are part of the human diet, yeasts are used for making bread and fermented beverages, for example, and certain molds play a role in the production of various foodstuffs. Mushrooms are also of great importance in research and biotechnology. A well-known historical example is penicillin: in 1928, Alexander Fleming observed the antibacterial effects of a mold. Mushrooms and their metabolic products continue to be scientifically studied and industrially used to this day. Materials based on mycelium are also being researched and developed. Mushroom mycelium can, for example, grow on plant-based waste products and bind them into new structures. This provides approaches for packaging, insulation, and other materials. A fascinating world beneath our feet Mushrooms are far more than the fruiting bodies we see in the forest or at the supermarket. As decomposers, symbionts, and components of complex ecosystems, they perform numerous tasks. Many of their structures and processes remain invisible to us – hidden in the soil, in wood, or in other organisms. It is precisely this diversity that makes the kingdom of fungi a fascinating area of study. And we likely do not know nearly everything about this hidden world. Note: This article is for general information and definition purposes only. Information on mushroom species, traditional names, or forms of use does not constitute claims regarding the prevention, treatment, or cure of diseases. For specific products, the respective product information and legal requirements apply.

Our immune system works every day to protect the body against pathogens and other foreign structures. Behind this is not a single organ, but a complex interplay of different cells, tissues, and organs. How well this system can perform its normal tasks depends on many factors. A balanced diet, regular exercise, sufficient sleep, and periods of recovery are part of a health-conscious lifestyle and create good conditions for the body. The immune system in everyday life Different areas of our lifestyle interlock. Four of them accompany us every day: Nutrition Varied & balanced Exercise Regularly active Sleep Time for regeneration Recovery Balance in everyday life What role does nutrition play? The immune system – like all other systems in our body – requires energy and various nutrients. A varied diet helps to provide the body with vitamins, minerals, proteins, essential fatty acids, and other nutrients. It is less about individual supposedly "immune-boosting" foods than about the diet as a whole. Vegetables and fruits in various colors, whole grain products, legumes, nuts, and seeds provide variety on the menu and deliver different nutrients and dietary fiber. Which nutrients are associated with the normal function of the immune system? Nutrient Selected authorized functions Vitamin A Contributes to the normal function of the immune system and the maintenance of normal mucous membranes. Vitamin B6 Contributes to the normal function of the immune system and normal energy metabolism. Vitamin B12 Contributes to the normal function of the immune system and normal energy metabolism. Vitamin C Contributes to the normal function of the immune system and helps to protect cells from oxidative stress. Vitamin D Contributes to the normal function of the immune system and the maintenance of normal bones. Folate Contributes to the normal function of the immune system and to the reduction of tiredness and fatigue. Iron Contributes to the normal function of the immune system and normal oxygen transport in the body. Copper Contributes to the normal function of the immune system and helps to protect cells from oxidative stress. Selenium Contributes to the normal function of the immune system and helps to protect cells from oxidative stress. Zinc Contributes to the normal function of the immune system and the maintenance of normal skin. Gut and immune system – closely linked The gut is not only responsible for digestion. The intestinal mucosa forms an important interface between the body and its environment and is in close exchange with the immune system. The numerous microorganisms of the gut microbiome are also part of this complex interplay. How nutrition, the gut microbiome, and the immune system interact is the subject of intensive research. A varied diet with fiber-rich plant-based foods provides a good foundation for supplying the body. Stay regularly active Exercise is part of a health-conscious everyday life. It does not always have to be intensive sports. Walks, cycling, hiking, swimming, or other activities can often be well integrated into daily life. Crucial is above all regularity. At the same time, activity and recovery belong together: after physical exertion, the body needs sufficient time for regeneration. Sleep – time for regeneration While we sleep, numerous regeneration and regulation processes take place in the body. There are also close connections between sleep and the function of the immune system. How much sleep a person needs varies individually and depends, among other things, on age. In addition to the duration of sleep, the quality of sleep also plays a role. Regular sleep times, a quiet sleeping environment, and enough time to wind down can support healthy sleep. Balancing stress and recovery Stress is part of life and is initially a normal reaction of the body to special demands. Phases of stress become challenging primarily when they last for a long time and there are no opportunities for recovery. Conscious breaks, exercise, time outdoors, sufficient sleep, or personal relaxation rituals can help create a balance to everyday life. What is perceived as restful varies from person to person. What about saunas and contrast baths? Sauna sessions, warm baths, or Kneipp treatments are perceived by many people as pleasant and relaxing. The different temperature stimuli act, among other things, on the circulation and blood flow. However, they should not be understood as a method with which the immune system can be specifically "strengthened" or an infection prevented. Anyone who has cardiovascular diseases or other health complaints should seek medical advice before intensive heat or cold applications. When can dietary supplements be useful? Dietary supplements are intended to supplement the general diet with specific nutrients or other substances. However, they do not replace a varied and balanced diet. For healthy people with a balanced diet, dietary supplements are generally not necessary. In certain life situations or in the case of an insufficient supply of individual nutrients, targeted supplementation can, however, be useful. The individual requirement can depend, among other things, on age, diet, and personal life situation. Important: Health-related claims about vitamins and minerals refer to the respective nutrient and not generally to a product. For a specific food or dietary supplement, the legal requirements for the use of the respective health claim must also be met. Many small factors work together For the normal function of the immune system, there is no one measure or one food. Rather, nutrition, exercise, sleep, and recovery interlock and are components of a health-conscious lifestyle. Instead of looking for a quick solution, it is therefore worth looking at the basics: eating a varied diet, exercising regularly, sleeping sufficiently, and giving the body enough time for recovery. Note: This article is for general information purposes and does not replace medical advice. Dietary supplements are no substitute for a varied and balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle. In case of health problems or questions regarding individual nutrient requirements, please consult an appropriately qualified professional.

Diabetes mellitus, also known as "honey-sweet flow" or colloquially as diabetes, refers to a metabolic disorder in which the body can no longer properly process carbohydrates. The cause is a deficiency of the hormone insulin, which ensures that sugar, or more precisely glucose, can be absorbed into the cells. There can be various underlying reasons for this. Diabetes is not just one condition: while the immune system plays a decisive role in type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes usually develops over a longer period. Another form can occur during pregnancy. This article explains the most important concepts in a clear and compact manner. Diabetes in Switzerland – a brief summary 3 important types of diabetes 6.9 % of men in Switzerland* 4.0 % of women in Switzerland* * Proportion of the population aged 15 and over in private households with diabetes, according to the Swiss Health Survey 2022. What happens in the body with diabetes? To provide our body with energy, part of our food is broken down into glucose. This enters the blood and is available to the body's cells as a source of energy. Insulin plays an important role in this. The hormone is produced in the pancreas and helps to absorb glucose from the blood into various body cells. In diabetes, this interaction is disrupted. Depending on the type of diabetes, the body produces too little or no insulin, or the body cells no longer react sufficiently to it. As a result, more glucose remains in the blood and blood sugar levels rise. What types of diabetes are there? Diabetes mellitus includes various forms of the disease. The most well-known are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes. Although elevated blood sugar levels occur in all forms, their causes differ significantly. Type 1 diabetes In type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. As a result, the body produces little to no insulin of its own over time. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease. Those affected require insulin. The disease often begins in childhood or adolescence, but can theoretically occur at any age. Type 2 diabetes In type 2 diabetes, insulin is usually still present initially. However, the body's cells become increasingly less sensitive to insulin. This is known as insulin resistance. As the condition progresses, insulin production may also decrease. Type 2 diabetes often develops gradually and can therefore remain unnoticed for a long time. Gestational diabetes Gestational diabetes is a disorder of glucose metabolism that is identified during pregnancy. Blood sugar levels are elevated. After pregnancy, blood sugar levels often normalize. However, women who have had gestational diabetes are at an increased long-term risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. How does type 1 diabetes develop? In type 1 diabetes, the immune system mistakenly targets the body's own cells. This affects the so-called beta cells in the pancreas, which produce the hormone insulin. As more and more of these cells are destroyed, the body is able to produce less and less insulin. Eventually, a pronounced or absolute insulin deficiency occurs. Since insulin plays a central role in blood sugar regulation, people with type 1 diabetes must supplement insulin. Why this autoimmune reaction occurs in some people is not yet fully understood. It is known that genetic predisposition plays a role. In addition, other potential influencing factors are being researched. Type 1 diabetes is not a consequence of a sugar-rich diet or a specific lifestyle. How does type 2 diabetes develop? Type 2 diabetes develops differently. Initially, the pancreas usually continues to produce insulin. However, the body's cells react less and less sensitively to it. This reduced effect of insulin is referred to as insulin resistance. The body initially tries to compensate for this by having the pancreas produce more insulin. Over time, however, this additional insulin production may no longer be sufficient. As it progresses, the pancreas's ability to produce insulin can also decrease – blood sugar levels rise. The development of type 2 diabetes is complex and cannot be traced back to a single cause. In addition to genetic predisposition and age, modifiable factors also play a role. These include physical activity, diet, and obesity, particularly increased fat tissue in the abdominal area. Good to know: Type 2 diabetes was formerly often referred to as "adult-onset diabetes." This term is used less frequently today. While the disease occurs more frequently with increasing age, it can also affect younger adults and adolescents. What happens in gestational diabetes? During pregnancy, the expectant mother's metabolism changes. Among other things, pregnancy hormones can cause the effect of insulin to decrease. Normally, the pancreas can compensate for this by increasing insulin production. If this adjustment is insufficient, blood sugar levels can rise. If such a disorder of glucose metabolism is identified for the first time during pregnancy, it is referred to as gestational diabetes. After birth, blood sugar levels often return to normal. However, prior gestational diabetes is associated with an increased future risk for type 2 diabetes. Why can diabetes remain unnoticed for a long time? Type 2 diabetes in particular often develops slowly. Initially, elevated blood sugar levels do not always cause clear symptoms. As a result, the disease can exist for a long time before it is detected. Possible signs can be increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, or reduced performance. Visual disturbances, an increased susceptibility to infections, or poorly healing wounds can also occur. However, such complaints are not specific to diabetes and can have many other causes. Whether diabetes is actually present can only be determined through appropriate medical examinations. Why is persistently high blood sugar problematic? If blood sugar levels remain elevated for a long time, blood vessels and nerves can be damaged. This can affect various areas of the body, such as the heart and circulatory system, kidneys, eyes, or nerves. Circulatory disorders and impaired wound healing can also occur in connection with diabetes. Professional treatment and regular medical check-ups are therefore important. What role does diet play? People with diabetes generally do not need a special "diabetic diet." Instead, the focus is on a balanced and varied diet, as is generally recommended for the general population. For carbohydrate-containing foods, both the quantity and the choice of food play a role. Vegetables, whole-grain products, legumes, fruits, as well as nuts and seeds can be part of a balanced diet and provide fiber, among other things. On the other hand, sugary drinks, sweets, and highly processed foods should only be consumed in limited quantities. If diabetes is present, the diet should be individually tailored to the personal situation and the respective therapy. What factors can be influenced in type 2 diabetes? Not all risk factors for type 2 diabetes can be changed. These include, for example, age and genetic predisposition. Other factors, however, can be influenced. Regular physical activity can, among other things, improve the body's cells' sensitivity to insulin. A balanced diet, sufficient exercise, not smoking, and a healthy body weight are part of a health-conscious lifestyle. If obesity is present, weight reduction can also reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Detecting diabetes early Precisely because type 2 diabetes can develop over a long period without clear symptoms, monitoring blood sugar can be sensible if there is an increased risk. Whether and at what intervals an examination is indicated should be discussed individually with a medical professional. Important: Noticeable symptoms or blood sugar values should be checked medically. A diagnosis cannot be made solely based on individual symptoms. Note: This article serves as general information and does not replace a medical diagnosis or individual consultation. For questions about diabetes, unusual blood sugar levels, or existing illnesses, please contact a medical professional.

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