Knowledge about medicinal mushrooms

Abdominal pain, diarrhea, and exhaustion – when it comes to Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, there is more involved than just a sensitive gut. Both belong to the group of inflammatory bowel diseases, or IBD for short. The inflammation can flare up repeatedly over years and affect not only the gut, but sometimes other areas of the body as well. However, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are not the same. Where the inflammation occurs, how it spreads, and what symptoms arise can differ significantly. An overview of two conditions that share many commonalities – yet can progress differently. What does IBD actually mean? IBD stands for inflammatory bowel disease. The most well-known forms include Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Both conditions are characterized by persistent or recurring inflammation of the digestive tract. Active phases of the disease often alternate with quieter phases. An active phase is frequently referred to as a flare-up, and a phase with significantly reduced disease activity as remission. Unlike irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory changes or inflammatory activity can be detected in IBD through medical examinations. Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are not contagious. However, symptoms such as abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits can have many causes. You can learn more about a functional bowel disorder in our article on irritable bowel syndrome. Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis – what is the difference? Both conditions can cause similar symptoms. However, an important difference lies in where and how the inflammation spreads within the digestive tract. Crohn's disease Can fundamentally affect any section of the digestive tract from the mouth to the anus. The transition from the small intestine to the large intestine is particularly often affected. Inflamed and non-inflamed intestinal sections can alternate. The inflammation can also affect deeper layers or all layers of the intestinal wall. Ulcerative colitis Affects the large intestine. The inflammation typically begins in the rectum and can spread from there in a continuous manner over other sections of the large intestine. The inner lining of the large intestine is primarily affected, where inflammation and ulcers can develop. When the gut is permanently sounding the alarm Which symptoms occur depends, among other things, on which sections of the gut are affected, how pronounced the inflammation is, and whether complications exist. Possible symptoms include persistent or recurring diarrhea, abdominal pain and cramps, blood or mucus in the stool, fatigue, weight loss, and, during active disease phases, sometimes fever. In ulcerative colitis, bloody diarrhea and a distinct urgency to defecate are particularly typical. In Crohn's disease, depending on the location, symptoms such as weight loss or discomfort in the anal area may occur in addition to diarrhea and abdominal pain. ! Have symptoms medically evaluated Persistent diarrhea, blood in the stool, recurring or severe abdominal pain, fever, or unintentional weight loss should be medically evaluated. In cases of severe acute symptoms, significant bleeding, or a marked deterioration in general condition, a rapid medical assessment is important. IBD can affect more than just the gut Although Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are bowel diseases, inflammatory changes can also occur outside the digestive tract. Areas such as joints, skin, or eyes can be affected. Diseases of the liver and bile ducts can also occur in connection with IBD. Additionally, blood loss, inflammation, limited food intake, or – especially in Crohn's disease – impaired nutrient absorption can contribute to an increased risk of malnutrition and certain nutrient deficiencies. For this reason, assessing nutritional status is now also part of the care for people with IBD. Why do Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis develop? No single cause for IBD is known. According to current research, the disease develops through a complex interplay of various factors. These include genetic predisposition, changes in the immune response, and the interaction between the intestinal barrier, the gut microbiome, and environmental factors. How these factors interact in detail is still being intensively researched. Smoking does not affect all forms of IBD equally In Crohn's disease in particular, smoking is associated with a less favorable disease progression. Quitting smoking is therefore one of the important recommendations for people with Crohn's disease. How is IBD diagnosed? There is no single test for the diagnosis. Physicians piece together various information: symptoms and medical history, physical examination, as well as laboratory, stool, endoscopic, and imaging examinations. Blood tests, for example, can provide indications of inflammation or anemia. Stool tests help, among other things, to assess inflammatory activity and exclude certain other causes of the symptoms. A colonoscopy plays an important role. During this procedure, the intestinal mucosa can be directly assessed, and small tissue samples – known as biopsies – can be taken. Depending on the clinical question, imaging procedures such as ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are also used. Even after diagnosis, disease activity is regularly monitored. Increasingly, non-invasive methods such as inflammatory markers in blood or stool and intestinal ultrasound are being used for this purpose. What is the goal of treatment? Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are chronic conditions. The goal of treatment is to control inflammation, reduce symptoms, prevent complications as much as possible, and achieve the longest possible remission. The therapy used depends on factors such as the specific disease, its extent and activity, possible complications, and previous treatment. Various anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating medications are available, as well as modern targeted therapies. In certain situations, surgical interventions may also be necessary. Treatment is determined individually by the gastroenterology care team. Medications should not be discontinued or changed independently – even if symptoms have temporarily disappeared. Is there a "right" diet for IBD? There is no universal "Crohn's diet" or "colitis diet." Which nutrition is appropriate depends on factors including the specific disease, disease activity, possible strictures or surgeries, nutritional status, and individual tolerance. Without specific medical reasons, nutrition should not be restricted unnecessarily. Very restrictive diets can lead to insufficient intake of energy, protein, or important nutrients. At the same time, nutrition in IBD can be more than just supportive: for certain situations – especially in Crohn's disease – there are specific nutritional therapy procedures. However, these belong under the care of an experienced IBD team or a specialized nutritional counselor and should not be carried out independently. Keep an eye on nutrient supply In IBD, the risk of malnutrition and individual nutrient deficiencies can be increased. Depending on the disease, affected gut segment, disease activity, and therapy, nutrients like iron, vitamin B12, or vitamin D may be relevant. Whether supplementation is necessary should be decided based on the individual situation and corresponding tests. Living with IBD: What can help in everyday life Inflammatory bowel diseases can influence everyday life in very different ways. While some people in remission experience almost no limitations, active disease phases can be associated with diarrhea, pain, and pronounced fatigue. Regular medical check-ups therefore remain important even in phases with few symptoms. Exercise can be adapted to individual tolerance. Adequate rest and sleep can be particularly important if fatigue or pronounced tiredness is part of the clinical picture. The psychological burden should not be underestimated either. A chronic illness with sometimes difficult-to-predict symptoms can affect work, leisure, relationships, and social activities. If needed, psychological support, specialized counseling services, or connecting with others affected can be helpful. Very practical strategies can also provide security: those who frequently or urgently need a restroom while on the go may plan longer trips differently, check for available toilets in advance, or keep a change of clothes and personal supplies with them for emergencies. IBD myths debunked "Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are the same."No. Both belong to the group of inflammatory bowel diseases, but they differ in, among other things, which parts of the digestive tract are affected and how deep or continuous the inflammation occurs. "IBD is caused by an unhealthy diet."It is not that simple. The diseases develop through a complex interplay of various genetic, immunological, and environmental factors. Diet alone does not explain their development. "With IBD, one must permanently eliminate as many foods as possible."No. General and unnecessarily restrictive forms of nutrition can complicate nutrient intake. Nutrition should be individually adapted to the disease, disease phase, and tolerance. "If I have no symptoms, the inflammation has disappeared."Not necessarily. Symptoms and inflammatory activity do not always run in parallel. This is why monitoring progress is important even in quieter disease phases. "IBD is contagious."No. Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis cannot be transmitted from person to person. Conclusion Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are inflammatory bowel diseases that can cause far more than just digestive symptoms. Progression and effects differ from person to person – as does the necessary treatment. An individually tailored medical therapy, regular check-ups, and a need-based diet are important building blocks for the long-term management of IBD. Frequently asked questions about Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis What is the difference between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis? Crohn's disease can fundamentally affect any section of the digestive tract from the mouth to the anus and involve deeper layers of the intestinal wall. Ulcerative colitis affects the large intestine and typically begins in the rectum. The inflammation spreads there continuously and primarily affects the intestinal mucosa. What is the difference between IBD and IBS? Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are inflammatory diseases where inflammatory activity can be medically detected. Irritable bowel syndrome, on the other hand, belongs to disorders of the gut-brain interaction. Symptoms are real but are not based on the same chronic inflammatory disease of the bowel. Are Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis curable? Both diseases are chronic. Treatment aims to control inflammation, reduce symptoms, prevent complications as much as possible, and achieve long-term remission phases. What diet makes sense for IBD? There is no universal IBD diet. Nutrition should be adapted to the disease, disease activity, nutritional status, and individual tolerance. With special nutritional therapy procedures, professional guidance is important. Can IBD also cause symptoms outside the gut? Yes. Inflammatory changes can affect, among other things, joints, skin, or eyes. Certain diseases of the liver and bile ducts can also occur in connection with IBD. Are Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis contagious? No. Inflammatory bowel diseases are not contagious. Note: This article is for general information purposes and does not replace professional medical diagnosis, advice, or treatment. In the case of persistent or recurring symptoms, contact a medical professional. Ongoing treatment should not be changed or discontinued without medical consultation. The contents of this article do not refer to HAWLIK products.

You can feel completely healthy – and still have high blood pressure. That is precisely one of the specific characteristics of hypertension: it often causes no noticeable symptoms for a long time, but can still place a strain on the heart and blood vessels. What do the two blood pressure numbers actually mean? At what point are values considered high? And why does a single measurement not tell us very much? An overview of blood pressure, correct measurement, and the most important influencing factors. What do 120 over 80 – or 140 over 90 mean? Blood pressure describes the pressure with which blood flows through the arteries. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). Two values are always displayed. Systolic value The upper value occurs when the heart contracts and pumps blood into the arteries. Diastolic value The lower value describes the pressure during the relaxation phase of the heart between two heartbeats. Blood pressure is not constant. Physical activity, stress, excitement, time of day, and other factors can temporarily change it. Therefore, a reliable diagnosis cannot be derived from a single measurement. At what point is blood pressure too high? The decisive factor is, first of all, where and how the blood pressure is measured. In the case of repeated measurements in a doctor's office of 140/90 mmHg or higher, this is generally referred to as high blood pressure or hypertension. For measurements at home, the corresponding threshold is lower: here, average values of 135/85 mmHg or higher are considered elevated. Different thresholds also apply to a 24-hour blood pressure monitoring compared to a measurement in a doctor's practice. Good to know Health risk does not suddenly start at one single number. Today, blood pressure and cardiovascular risk are increasingly viewed in context. Therefore, age, existing medical conditions, and further risk factors also play a role in medical assessment. Why high blood pressure often goes unnoticed High blood pressure often causes no characteristic symptoms. Therefore, you can feel fine even if your values have been elevated for a long time. However, persistently high blood pressure strains the vessel walls and increases the workload on the heart. In the long term, this increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks and strokes, as well as heart failure and kidney damage, among other things. This is exactly why regular measurement is so important: high blood pressure cannot be reliably detected by how you feel. What causes high blood pressure? In the vast majority of those affected, no single cause can be identified. Experts then refer to it as primary or essential hypertension. In this case, various factors work together – including genetic predisposition, age, and lifestyle. Less commonly, high blood pressure is the result of another condition or a specific cause. This can include, for example, kidney disease, hormonal disorders, or sleep apnea. In such cases, it is called secondary hypertension. Measuring blood pressure: Small mistakes, different values Measuring blood pressure looks simple – but conditions can significantly influence the result. For self-measurement, you should first sit quietly for a few minutes. Do not speak during the measurement and try not to move. The cuff must match the arm circumference and be applied correctly. The arm should rest in a relaxed position on a surface so that the cuff or measuring point is roughly at heart level. For a more reliable self-measurement sit quietly for at least five minutes beforehand use an appropriate cuff size position the arm and measuring point at heart level do not speak or move during the measurement document values regularly do not judge based on a single measurement value With the first self-measurement, it may be useful to measure on both arms. If consistently different values are found, this should be discussed with a medical professional. Why blood pressure can be higher at the doctor's Some people have higher blood pressure values in the doctor's office than at home. Excitement or tension can temporarily cause blood pressure to rise. This phenomenon is known as white-coat hypertension. Conversely, values in the practice can be unremarkable, while they are elevated outside the practice. Therefore, home measurements or 24-hour blood pressure monitoring can provide additional information in unclear situations. What role does lifestyle play? In addition to age and genetic predisposition, various lifestyle factors can influence blood pressure. These include diet, physical activity, body weight, alcohol consumption, and smoking. In terms of diet, salt intake plays a particular role. A large part of our salt intake comes not from the salt shaker, but from processed foods. A varied diet with plenty of vegetables, fruits, legumes, and whole-grain products, as well as conscious consumption of highly salty foods, are among the general recommendations. Regular physical activity is also an important part of a heart-conscious lifestyle. If you are overweight, weight reduction can have a beneficial effect on blood pressure. Restrained alcohol consumption and quitting smoking are also part of cardiovascular prevention. Lifestyle changes are not a substitute for prescribed medical treatment. Which measures are sensible in an individual case depends, among other things, on the blood pressure values and the overall cardiovascular risk. When are lifestyle changes not enough? Whether medication is additionally necessary is not based solely on a single blood pressure figure. Doctors take into account, among other things, the level of the values, the overall cardiovascular risk, and potential comorbidities. If blood pressure-lowering medication is prescribed, regular intake is important. The medication should not be discontinued on your own, changed in dosage, or replaced with other remedies. Even if the measured values are normal again, this may be precisely the result of effective treatment. Blood pressure myths clarified "If I had high blood pressure, I would notice." Usually not. High blood pressure often causes no characteristic symptoms for a long time. A measurement is therefore much more informative than your own feelings. "A single high value means I have high blood pressure." No. Blood pressure fluctuates and can temporarily rise due to excitement or physical exertion, for example. Repeated measurements or further diagnostic methods are decisive for a diagnosis. "If the medication works and my blood pressure is normal, I can stop taking it." Not on your own. Normal values can be a sign that the treatment is working. Changes to medication should always be discussed with your treating physician. "High blood pressure is just normal as you get older." While blood pressure often changes as you get older, persistently high values should still be medically evaluated and not attributed to age alone. When does high blood pressure become an emergency? An unusually high measurement without symptoms should first be re-checked under calm conditions and, if values remain persistently high, be medically clarified. ! In case of acute warning signs: Call 144 If symptoms such as chest pain, severe shortness of breath, sudden paralysis, speech disorders, confusion, or other acute severe symptoms occur, medical help should be requested immediately via the emergency number 144. Conclusion High blood pressure is often not noticeable – but it is measurable. The decisive factor is therefore not a single value, but how blood pressure behaves over time during correctly performed measurements. Knowing your values, measuring correctly, and having persistently elevated levels evaluated by a doctor creates an important foundation for protecting your heart and blood vessels. Frequently asked questions about high blood pressure At what point is it called high blood pressure? In the case of repeated measurements in a doctor's office of 140/90 mmHg or higher, this is generally referred to as hypertension. For self-measurement at home, the corresponding threshold is an average of 135/85 mmHg. Diagnosis is not based on single measurements alone. Can you feel high blood pressure? Often not. High blood pressure can persist for a long time without characteristic symptoms. This is why blood pressure measurement is decisive. Why is my blood pressure higher at the doctor's than at home? Excitement or tension can temporarily increase values in the practice. This phenomenon is known as white-coat hypertension. Home measurements or 24-hour monitoring can help with the assessment. How do I measure my blood pressure correctly? Sit quietly for a few minutes before measuring. The cuff must fit, the arm should be relaxed, and the measuring point positioned at heart level. Do not speak or move during the measurement. Multiple measurements are more informative than a single value. Can high blood pressure be lowered through lifestyle alone? Lifestyle changes are an important part of treatment. Whether they are sufficient on their own or medication is additionally necessary depends on the blood pressure values, personal cardiovascular risk, and potential comorbidities. Can I stop taking blood pressure medication if my values are normal again? Not without consulting a doctor. Normal values can be a result of the treatment working. Blood pressure medication should therefore not be discontinued or changed in dosage on your own. Note: This article is for general information and does not replace medical diagnosis, advice, or treatment. If you have repeatedly elevated blood pressure values or symptoms, please consult a medical professional. In case of acute severe symptoms, call the emergency number 144. The content of this article does not refer to HAWLIK products.

Hardly have the first trees blossomed, and the sneezing begins again for many people: the nose runs, the eyes itch – and suddenly every walk becomes a pollen encounter. Hay fever is one of the most common allergies and actually has little to do with hay. It is caused by an allergic reaction to pollen from trees, grasses, or herbs. In this article, you will learn which pollen is in the air at what time, why even an apple can sometimes make your mouth tingle, and what those affected can keep in mind during pollen season. What happens in the body during hay fever? Hay fever is medically referred to as pollen allergy or allergic rhinitis. The immune system reacts to proteins in plant pollen that are actually harmless. In sensitized individuals, contact with pollen can trigger an immune response. This releases messenger substances such as histamine. The result can be sneezing, a runny or stuffy nose, as well as itchy and watery eyes. The name "hay fever" comes from a time when symptoms were associated with the hay harvest. Today we know: It is not the hay itself that is the deciding factor, but the pollen found in it or in the surrounding environment. You can find out more about what happens during allergic reactions in the body and how an allergy differs from an intolerance in our overview of allergies and intolerances. More than just a runny nose Hay fever can manifest itself in different ways. Typical symptoms are sneezing fits, a runny or stuffy nose, itching in the nose, palate, or ears, as well as red, itchy, and watery eyes. Some sufferers also feel tired or less productive during pollen season. Sleep can also be affected, for example if a stuffy nose makes breathing difficult at night. Eyes Itching, redness, and increased watering. Nose Sneezing fits and a runny or stuffy nose. Airways Coughing or wheezing should be investigated. When is which pollen in the air? There is no fixed pollen season based on a calendar. The start of the blossoming period and the amount of pollen depend on factors such as weather, temperature, region, and altitude. In mild years, the first allergologically relevant pollen can appear as early as winter. For Switzerland, the annual cycle can be roughly categorized as follows: Late Winter Hazel and alder are among the early pollen producers and can blossom early in the year in mild regions. Spring Among others, ash and birch define the tree pollen season in spring. Late Spring and Summer Grasses are among the important allergy-triggering pollen types during this time. Late Summer Herbs like mugwort and ragweed can extend the pollen season into late summer. Since the actual exposure fluctuates from day to day, the current pollen forecast is more informative than a rigid calendar. MeteoSwiss provides current measurement and forecast data for this purpose. Why does an apple sometimes cause a tingling sensation with hay fever? Some people with a pollen allergy suddenly notice a tingling or itching sensation in their mouth when eating certain foods. The reason: Certain proteins in food are so similar to the allergy-triggering proteins in pollen that the immune system can "confuse" them. In the case of a birch pollen allergy, for example, reactions to certain raw fruits, vegetables, or nuts can occur. These can include apples, cherries, carrots, or hazelnuts. This is known as a pollen-associated food allergy or a cross-reaction. Which foods trigger symptoms and how pronounced these are differs from person to person. Foods should therefore not be eliminated from the diet as a precaution solely because of a pollen allergy. ! Act immediately in case of severe reactions If shortness of breath, significant swelling in the mouth or throat area, circulatory problems, or impaired consciousness occur after eating, a severe allergic reaction may be present. In such a situation, call the emergency number 144 immediately. Is it really hay fever? When symptoms occur every year during certain months, a pollen allergy is suspected. However, for medical clarification, it is not just an allergy test that is decisive. Equally important is the medical history: When do the symptoms occur, how severe are they, and do they align with the pollen flight? Depending on the situation, skin tests such as the prick test and blood tests for specific IgE antibodies can be used. A symptom or pollen diary can additionally help to identify connections between symptoms and pollen exposure. Good to know A positive allergy test initially shows sensitization. Whether this is actually responsible for the symptoms must be assessed in conjunction with the medical history and symptoms. What can be done about hay fever? Treatment depends on the type and severity of the symptoms. A first approach is to reduce exposure to the triggering pollen as much as reasonably possible. In addition, various medications are available that can alleviate allergic symptoms. Commonly used drug classes for pollen allergies include, for example, antihistamines and cortisone-based nasal sprays. Which treatment is suitable depends on individual symptoms and can be discussed with a doctor or a specialist in a pharmacy. For certain patients, allergen-specific immunotherapy, also known as desensitization, is an option. During this, the immune system is controlled and exposed to the triggering allergen over a longer period of time. This requires an accurate diagnosis and a medical assessment of whether this treatment is suitable for the specific allergen and individual situation. When more than just the nose is affected Pollen allergies do not always exclusively affect the nose and eyes. People with allergic rhinitis have an increased risk of also developing allergic asthma. If, in addition to hay fever, you repeatedly experience coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, or a feeling of tightness in the chest, this should be medically investigated. The term "allergic march" (or "stage change") is often used for the involvement of the lower airways. However, this does not mean that asthma inevitably develops in every person with hay fever. Whether this happens depends on various factors. Getting through everyday life with less pollen Avoiding pollen completely is hardly possible. However, personal exposure can often be reduced. Knowing the current pollen forecast and adjusting outdoor activities during high exposure is particularly helpful. Washing your hair in the evening and not leaving worn clothes in the bedroom can prevent unnecessary amounts of pollen from getting into the bed. When airing out rooms, it may make sense to orient yourself towards the current pollen count. Wearing sunglasses while out and about can help reduce the direct contact of pollen with the eyes. In the car, a suitable pollen filter can be helpful, provided it is maintained and changed according to the manufacturer's instructions. Keeping an eye on the current pollen situation is also worth it when exercising or spending long periods outdoors. For pollen season check the current pollen forecast keep pollen out of the bedroom as much as possible do not leave worn clothes next to the bed wash your hair in the evening if necessary wear sunglasses when out and about use prescribed or recommended medications correctly Hay fever myths debunked "You only get hay fever in the spring." No. Depending on which pollen someone reacts to, symptoms can begin as early as winter or extend into late summer or autumn. "You only get hay fever as a child." No. A pollen allergy can also manifest itself for the first time in adulthood. "All pollen disappears immediately when it rains." It's not that simple. Sustained rain can lower the pollen concentration in the air, but the actual exposure depends on the weather, the type of pollen, and local conditions. "If you react to birch pollen, you are not allowed to eat apples." No. Not everyone with a birch pollen allergy reacts to apples. Foods should only be avoided if there is actually a corresponding reaction or medical recommendation. When should hay fever be medically investigated? Medical clarification is useful if symptoms recur regularly, significantly impair sleep or daily life, the trigger is unclear, or previous treatment is not helping sufficiently. It is especially important to get checked out if coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, or a feeling of tightness in the chest occur. These symptoms may indicate involvement of the lower airways. ! In case of severe breathing difficulties: Call 144 If sudden, severe breathing difficulties, pronounced swelling in the mouth or throat area, circulatory problems, or impaired consciousness occur, request medical help immediately by calling the emergency number 144. Conclusion Hay fever is more than just seasonal sneezing. When symptoms occur depends on which pollen someone reacts to and when it is actually in the air. Those who know their personal triggers, keep an eye on the current pollen exposure, and have persistent or severe symptoms professionally assessed can be better prepared for the pollen season. Frequently asked questions about hay fever What is the difference between hay fever and a cold? Hay fever often occurs in line with the pollen season and is typically accompanied by sneezing and itchy or watery eyes. A cold is caused by viruses and can additionally cause symptoms such as a sore throat and a general feeling of being unwell. If symptoms are unclear or persistent, medical clarification is advisable. When does the pollen season start in Switzerland? That depends on the weather, region, and plant species. In mild regions, hazel and alder can release pollen as early as winter. Other tree pollens follow in the spring, later followed by grasses, and in late summer by mugwort and ragweed, among others. Can you develop hay fever only as an adult? Yes. A pollen allergy can also develop or first become noticeable in adulthood. What is a cross-allergy? In this case, the immune system recognizes similarly structured proteins from pollen and certain foods. As a result, if you have a birch pollen allergy, for example, symptoms can occur in the mouth and throat area after consuming certain raw foods. What is desensitization? Allergen-specific immunotherapy—often called desensitization—is a medical treatment in which the immune system is exposed to the triggering allergen in a controlled manner over a longer period of time. Whether it is suitable is decided on an individual basis and based on an accurate allergy diagnosis. Can hay fever turn into asthma? People with allergic rhinitis have an increased risk of also developing allergic asthma. However, this does not happen to all affected individuals. Coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, or a feeling of tightness in the chest should therefore be evaluated by a doctor. Note: This article is for general information purposes only and does not replace medical diagnosis, advice, or treatment. If you have symptoms or suspect a pollen allergy, please consult a medical professional. In the event of a severe allergic reaction or severe shortness of breath, call the emergency services at 144. The content of this article does not relate to HAWLIK products.

Hericium erinaceus, monkey head mushroom, lion's mane – hardly any other mushroom goes by so many names. And hardly any other looks so unusual: instead of a cap and gills, Hericium erinaceus forms a white fruiting body with long, hanging "spines." Yet, Hericium is not only visually striking. It is an edible mushroom, can be cultivated, and contains various compounds that are currently being scientifically studied. Here is a closer look at a mushroom that has now become known far beyond its original habitats. You can learn more about mushrooms, their structure, and their unique characteristics in our Vital Mushroom Guide. Hericium, lion's mane, or monkey head mushroom? They all refer to the same mushroom. Hericium erinaceus is its scientific name. In German-speaking countries, the term "Igelstachelbart" (hedgehog hedgehog-beard) is primarily used, but one also finds names like "monkey head mushroom" or "lion's mane." In English, it is known as "lion's mane," and in Japan as Yamabushitake. The descriptive names are no coincidence: with its numerous white, hanging spines, the fruiting body truly resembles a shaggy mane. A mushroom without the typical mushroom cap Anyone thinking of a mushroom in terms of a cap and a stalk will hardly recognize the Hericium at first glance. Its fruiting body is initially white to cream-colored and can reach a considerable size. Its surface is covered with numerous soft, downward-pointing spines where the spores are formed. As it ages, the fruiting body can turn yellowish to brownish. In nature, Hericium grows on deciduous trees, colonizing trees such as beech and oak. It can be found on older, damaged, or dead trees and wood. In Switzerland, the lion's mane mushroom is considered an endangered species of large fungus. Wild specimens are therefore something special and should be treated with appropriate respect. Edible mushroom Mild in taste with a fibrous texture. Deciduous wood dweller Colonizes beech, oak, and other trees. Cultivatable Today, it is specifically grown on suitable substrates. Fruiting body and mycelium: What is the difference? What we see as a mushroom in the case of Hericium is only a part of the entire organism. The conspicuous white fruiting body serves to produce and disperse spores. The actual fungal network—the mycelium—consists of fine fungal threads that grow within the respective substrate. This distinction is also interesting for processed mushroom products. Depending on the manufacturing process, fruiting bodies, mycelium, or extracts derived from them may be used. Therefore, it is worth looking at the label when comparing different products. How is Hericium cultivated? Hericium can be specifically cultivated. Suitable wood-based substrates serve as the foundation, upon which the mycelium first spreads. Under suitable conditions, the characteristic white fruiting bodies subsequently develop. Through cultivation, Hericium can be used as an edible mushroom and as a raw material for processed mushroom products, independent of rare wild occurrences. Why Hericium is also interesting in the kitchen In various Asian countries, Hericium has long been used as an edible mushroom. Cultivated fruiting bodies are now increasingly found outside of Asia as well. The interior of the mushroom has a delicate, slightly fibrous structure. Its taste is often described as mild and, due to its aroma and texture, is occasionally compared to seafood. Sliced or cut into pieces, Hericium can be pan-fried, for example, and used for vegetable dishes, pasta, or risotto. Mushrooms should generally not be eaten raw but cooked before consumption. What's inside Hericium? Like other mushrooms, Hericium contains various polysaccharides and other natural components. Polysaccharides include beta-glucans. In addition, numerous other constituents have been described. In connection with Hericium, one frequently encounters the terms hericenones and erinacines. Hericenones were isolated specifically from the fruiting bodies. Erinacines are another group of natural compounds that are predominantly formed and studied in the mycelium. Good to know: Fruiting bodies and mycelium are not the same and can differ in their composition. Processing and extraction also influence which components are contained in a mushroom product. Why is the scientific community interested in Hericium? Hericenones, erinacines, polysaccharides, and other components of Hericium are being scientifically studied. Researchers are investigating, among other things, their chemical properties and how individual isolated substances or mushroom extracts react in different experimental models. However, it is important to put this into perspective: A large portion of the findings regarding individual Hericium compounds comes from cell and animal studies. Clinical human data is also available, but the clinical evidence is significantly more limited than the preclinical research. Results from laboratory or animal experiments cannot be directly applied to the effects of a food or dietary supplement in humans. Therefore, scientific interest in a substance does not automatically imply a proven health benefit for a Hericium product. Conclusion Hericium erinaceus is extraordinary, if only for its appearance. The mushroom with the characteristic "lion's mane" is an edible fungus, can be cultivated, and has a diverse composition that is the subject of scientific research. Those purchasing Hericium as a processed product should not only look at the name of the mushroom. The question of whether fruiting bodies or mycelium were used and how the raw material was processed also helps in better evaluating such products. View HAWLIK Hericium products Frequently asked questions about Hericium Are Hericium and lion's mane the same thing? Yes. Lion's mane is the English name for Hericium erinaceus. In German, the mushroom is known as Igelstachelbart, among other names. Is Hericium an edible mushroom? Yes. The fruiting body of Hericium is used as an edible mushroom. It has a fibrous texture and a mild taste. Mushrooms should be cooked before consumption. What is the difference between a fruiting body and mycelium? The fruiting body is the visible part of the mushroom where spores are formed. The mycelium is the fine network of fungal threads that spreads throughout the substrate. Both can differ in their composition. What are hericenones and erinacines? Hericenones and erinacines are two groups of natural compounds found in Hericium that are currently being scientifically studied. Hericenones were isolated specifically from fruiting bodies, while erinacines are primarily found or formed in the mycelium. Is the effect of Hericium scientifically proven? Hericium and its individual components are being scientifically investigated. Much of the current knowledge comes from laboratory and animal studies. The results of such investigations cannot be directly applied to the health effects of food or dietary supplements in humans. Note: This article is for general information and clarification of terms. Information regarding mushroom species, ingredients, or scientific research does not constitute medical advice for the prevention, treatment, or cure of diseases. Dietary supplements are not a substitute for a varied, balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle. For specific products, the respective product information applies.

Eat less, move more – and the kilos should just disappear, right? Weight regulation doesn't work that simply. Body weight is influenced by numerous factors: diet and exercise as well as genetics, sleep, psychological and social factors, medication, illnesses, and our environment. Why is losing weight easier for some people than for others? Why does lost weight often return? And what should one make of crash diets, restrictions, and quick weight-loss promises? Body weight is more than a matter of willpower On a physical level, the energy balance plays a fundamental role: if more energy is supplied to the body over a longer period than it consumes, body weight can increase. Conversely, a negative energy balance is required for weight loss over a longer period. However, this does not explain why people eat different amounts, how strongly hunger and satiety are perceived, or how much energy someone consumes. Numerous biological and external influences are involved in these processes. Genetic factors, body composition, sleep, stress, mental health, medication, illnesses, physical activity, and the available food supply can influence weight development. Therefore, viewing body weight solely as a question of discipline or willpower falls short. Overweight and obesity are not simply the same thing In everyday life, the terms are often used interchangeably. Medically, however, a distinction is made. To roughly classify body weight, the Body Mass Index (BMI) is frequently used for adults. It puts body weight and body height into relation. However, the BMI is only a guideline. For example, it does not distinguish between fat and muscle mass and says little about where body fat is stored. For health assessments, other factors such as waist circumference, blood pressure, blood sugar, blood lipids, comorbidities, and the individual physical situation can therefore be relevant. Obesity is now understood as a complex chronic disease. It arises from the interaction of numerous biological, psychosocial, and environmental factors and can be associated with secondary health conditions. Why quick diets are so tempting "5 kilos in a week," "lose belly fat in 14 days," or a food that supposedly switches on fat burning: Quick promises seem attractive because they reduce a complex problem to a simple solution. With very severely restricted energy intake, the weight on the scale can indeed drop quickly. However, this does not exclusively result in the loss of body fat. Changes in water balance and a loss of fat-free body mass can also play a role. Furthermore, the more a form of nutrition restricts everyday life, the more difficult it can be to maintain it in the long term. After a short-term diet, many people return to previous habits – and the weight can rise again. Why the body sometimes wants lost weight back Weight gain after a diet is not simply a sign of a lack of discipline. Our body possesses regulatory mechanisms that can react to weight loss. As body weight decreases, energy requirements drop: a lighter body needs less energy. Additionally, hunger, satiety, and energy expenditure can change. These biological adjustments can contribute to making it harder to maintain a lower weight in the long term. This also explains why weight control is a long-term task for some people and why repeated weight gain after diets should not simply be judged as a personal failure. Does everything have to be forbidden when losing weight? A sustainable way of eating does not have to consist of a long list of forbidden foods. Much more important is the overall dietary pattern and the question of whether it fits into daily life and personal needs in the long term. Vegetables and fruits, whole-grain products, legumes, suitable protein sources, nuts and seeds, as well as plant oils can be parts of a balanced diet. Water and other unsweetened beverages are a good basis for everyday life. At the same time, it can make sense to be consciously aware of energy-dense foods and drinks in your everyday life. Drinks, in particular, can provide energy without contributing to satiety to the same extent as solid food. It is not crucial to eat "perfectly" every day. A way of eating that is permanently implementable is usually more helpful in the long term than a very strict short-term diet. Exercise is important – even if the scale doesn't react immediately Physical activity increases energy expenditure and has numerous health benefits. However, for significant weight loss, exercise alone is not enough for everyone. That does not make exercise unimportant at all. Regular activity supports, among other things, the heart and circulation, physical performance, and the maintenance of muscle mass. Strength training can help to preserve muscle as well as possible during weight loss. It is not just sports that count. Walking, cycling, climbing stairs, gardening, and other everyday movements also contribute to physical activity. Debunking weight loss myths "Anyone who really wants to can simply lose weight." Too simplistic. Behavior plays a role, but it is influenced by biological, psychological, social, and environmental factors. The body also reacts to weight loss with various adjustment mechanisms. "Carbohydrates make you fat." A single nutrient does not explain weight development. Decisive factors include long-term energy intake and the overall dietary pattern. Whole-grain products, legumes, vegetables, and fruits, for example, also provide carbohydrates and can be part of a balanced diet. "You shouldn't eat anything after 6 PM." There is no universal time after which food is automatically stored as body fat. While when you eat can influence appetite, eating habits, or sleep, the overall picture over a longer period is what counts for weight development. "Detox cures help with weight loss." There is no physiological basis for the idea that the body needs to be cleaned of accumulated "toxins" via special detox products. The liver, kidneys, intestines, and other organs constantly perform central tasks in metabolism and excretion. "The faster the kilos disappear, the more successful the diet." Speed on the scale says little about whether changes can be maintained long-term. What is decisive is whether diet, exercise, and other changes fit into everyday life permanently. The scale doesn't tell the whole story Those who want to change something for their health do not have to measure success exclusively in kilograms. Other developments can also be relevant: more physical activity, better endurance, more strength, better blood pressure or metabolic values, or more balanced eating behavior. Especially when weight changes slowly, such progress can help to not focus exclusively on a single number. Small changes can be a start Choose water instead of regular sweetened drinks Include vegetables and other plant-based foods more frequently Travel more by foot or bicycle Plan for regular strength training Be consciously aware of eating situations and portion sizes Ensure sufficient sleep and rest When lifestyle alone is not enough In the case of obesity, treatment does not necessarily consist only of diet and exercise. Depending on severity, comorbidities, and individual situation, different therapy components can be combined. These include nutritional counseling, exercise and behavioral therapy, and in certain situations, drug treatment. In cases of severe obesity, metabolic or bariatric surgery may also be considered. Which treatment is suitable should be judged individually by a medical professional. Weight-loss medications are not lifestyle products and should not be used without medical supervision. When professional support is sensible Professional support can be sensible if weight impairs health or quality of life, if comorbidities exist, or if repeated personal attempts do not work in the long term. A medical check-up can also help to take into account medications and illnesses that can influence body weight. Depending on the situation, general practitioners, nutritionists, exercise specialists, psychologists, and specialized obesity centers can be involved. ! When food and weight take up more and more space Strong fear of weight gain, recurring binge eating, extreme restriction of food intake, self-induced vomiting, or other compensatory behaviors can be signs of an eating disorder. In such situations, the focus should not be on another diet, but on professional assessment and support. Conclusion Body weight arises from a complex interaction of biological, psychological, social, and environmental factors. The simple formula "eat less and move more" therefore describes only part of reality. Sustainable weight management does not mean losing as many kilos as possible as quickly as possible. Decisive are changes that fit one's personal situation, make sense from a health perspective, and can last in the long term. Note: This article is for general information and does not replace medical or nutritional diagnosis, advice, or treatment. Weight management and the treatment of obesity should be adapted to the individual health situation. Weight-loss medications and surgical procedures require medical supervision. The content does not refer to HAWLIK products.  

The infection has passed, the surgery is behind you – and yet you still lack the strength for things that were once second nature. Many people are surprised at how long fatigue, weakness, or reduced stamina can last after an illness or a procedure. This phase of recovery is known as convalescence. But why does the body need time even after an illness when the acute symptoms have already disappeared? And how can you return to everyday life without overexerting yourself? Healthy – but not yet fit again Convalescence refers to the recovery phase following an illness, injury, or medical treatment. The acute phase of the illness may be over, while strength, endurance, and your usual performance capacity have not yet fully returned. It is impossible to say exactly how long this phase will last. An uncomplicated infection is different from pneumonia, a severe infection, or major surgery. Age, physical baseline, pre-existing conditions, diet, and the duration of any prior bed rest can also play a role. For this reason, there is no fixed point at which a person must be "back to normal" after an illness. Why are you often still so tired after an illness? During an illness or after surgery, the body is occupied with numerous tasks. Healing and repair processes require energy and nutrients. At the same time, many people move significantly less than usual while ill, eat less at times, or lose weight and muscle mass. After surgery, the effects of the procedure, pain, medication, sleep disturbances, and the physical strain of the treatment can also play a role. It is therefore not unusual for your usual level of performance to not return immediately. Exhaustion is not the same as laziness If you get tired more quickly after an illness, you don't simply need "more discipline." Your body may actually still need time to recover. At the same time, pronounced or increasing exhaustion should not automatically be attributed to convalescence – especially if it does not improve over a longer period. Just take it easy? Not necessarily In the past, long periods of rest were often recommended after illnesses and surgeries. Today, we know that physical activity – as soon as it is medically feasible – can also be an important part of recovery. Especially after surgery, early mobilization is often the goal. Getting up, taking short walks, and gradually increasing physical activity can help regain strength and independence. However, when and how much you can exert yourself depends on the procedure and your individual state of health. After an illness, your return to activity can also be gradual: first a short walk, later longer distances, and only then more intense exertion. The goal is not to reach your previous level as quickly as possible, but to adjust the strain to your own recovery. After major surgeries, severe illnesses, or if you have existing heart or lung conditions, the recommendations of your treating physicians and physiotherapists should take priority. Why muscle strength can be lost faster than expected Anyone who is sick or spends a lot of time lying down after surgery and moves significantly less puts less strain on their muscles than usual. Especially with prolonged immobility, muscle strength can be lost as a result. This can explain why everyday things suddenly seem exhausting after a severe illness: climbing stairs, grocery shopping, or a longer walk require more strength than before the illness. Physical activity and – if medically indicated – targeted training or physiotherapy can help with rebuilding. A gradual approach is usually more sensible than trying to make up for lost fitness within a few days. Eating can sometimes become a challenge during the recovery phase Illness and surgery can impair your appetite. Pain, nausea, medication, exhaustion, or a change in taste can lead to eating less for a time. At the same time, the body needs energy and nutrients during healing. Protein, in particular, provides the building blocks for muscles and other body tissues. Suitable sources of protein include dairy products, eggs, fish, meat, legumes, tofu, nuts, and seeds. If you have little appetite, smaller meals and snacks can be more pleasant than large portions. Anyone who has lost a significant amount of weight unintentionally during or after an illness, can barely eat, or has difficulty meeting their nutritional needs should address this medically or with a nutrition specialist. Dietary supplements, on the other hand, are not automatically part of convalescence. Whether targeted supplementation is useful depends on your diet, state of health, and any possible individual deficiency. Sleep, rest – and still become active again Recovery does not mean having to spend all day in bed. Sleep and rest are important, but at the same time, a gradual return to a normal daily rhythm can be helpful. Alternating between activity and rest can work better than an "all or nothing" approach: getting as much done as possible on a good day and being completely exhausted afterward. Anyone who notices that an activity consistently leads to a significant worsening of symptoms should adjust their exertion accordingly and seek medical advice for pronounced or unusual reactions. Step by step back into everyday life gradually increase physical activity plan breaks before exhaustion becomes too severe ensure sufficient energy and protein intake drink enough fluids, provided there is no medical reason not to support sleep and a consistent daily rhythm as much as possible follow the exercise guidelines provided by doctors or physiotherapists Recovery myths debunked "When the illness is over, I should be completely fit again." Not necessarily. Acute symptoms may have subsided even though strength and stamina have not yet fully returned. The duration of recovery depends heavily on the illness, treatment, and your personal baseline. "After surgery, you should avoid moving as much as possible for as long as possible." That is not generally true. For many surgeries, early, safe mobilization is now part of recovery. Which movements are allowed and when exertion can be increased, however, depends on the specific procedure. "The faster I start training again, the faster I'll be fit." More strain is not automatically better. After illnesses or surgeries, activity should be adapted to your health condition and increased gradually. Special recommendations apply to certain illnesses and procedures. "To recover, I automatically need vitamins or dietary supplements." No. Sufficient supply of energy and nutrients is important, but this does not automatically result in a need for dietary supplements. Targeted supplementation can be useful in certain situations and should be assessed individually. Mental recovery can also take time A serious illness, a hospital stay, or surgery can be burdensome not just physically. Some people feel less confident afterward, emotionally exhausted, or worry about getting sick again. Returning to work, family, and everyday life can also be exhausting at first. Support from relatives and your social circle can be helpful during this phase. If dejection, anxiety, or other psychological symptoms persist or significantly interfere with everyday life, professional support should be sought for this as well. When recovery isn't progressing Convalescence does not always follow a steady path. A worse day does not automatically mean something is wrong. The development over time is what counts. If your performance capacity does not return at all, the exhaustion is unusually severe, or new symptoms appear, you should not simply assume that the body "still needs some time." Depending on the situation, persistent illness, complications after a procedure, side effects of medication, anemia, nutritional problems, or other causes could be behind persistent symptoms. ! Do not simply attribute symptoms to the recovery phase Renewed or persistent fever, increasing pain, noticeable changes in a surgical wound, shortness of breath, chest pain, pronounced or increasing weakness, and significant unintended weight loss should be medically evaluated. In the event of severe or sudden symptoms, rapid medical clarification is necessary. Conclusion An illness can be over before the body feels fully capable of exertion again. Convalescence therefore does not mean simply "waiting," but finding a balance between recovery and an appropriate, gradual resumption of activity. Recovery has no fixed schedule. Movement, adequate nutrition, and rest can support your way back into everyday life – but the illness, the procedure, and individual medical guidelines are always the deciding factors. Frequently asked questions about recovery after illness or surgery What does convalescence mean? Convalescence refers to the recovery phase following an illness, injury, or medical treatment, during which strength and your usual stamina gradually return. Why am I still so tired after an illness? Healing processes, less movement, altered sleep, decreased appetite, and potential loss of muscle strength can contribute to performance capacity not returning immediately. Persistent or increasing exhaustion should, however, be clarified. How long does recovery after an illness take? There is no general answer. The duration depends on factors such as the type and severity of the illness or procedure, your physical baseline, and potential underlying conditions. Should you rest as much as possible after surgery? Not fundamentally. For many procedures, early, safe mobilization is recommended. Which activities are possible and when exertion may be increased is determined by the procedure and the instructions of the treatment team. What diet is useful during recovery? An adequate supply of energy, protein, and other nutrients supports normal body and repair processes. If you have little appetite, smaller meals can be helpful. In the case of significant weight loss or nutritional problems, individual advice is recommended. Do I need dietary supplements after an illness? Not automatically. Whether supplementation is useful depends on your individual diet, your health status, and any potential nutrient deficiency. When should persistent exhaustion be clarified? If exhaustion is very pronounced, does not gradually improve, becomes increasingly severe, or is accompanied by other symptoms, the cause should be medically evaluated. Note: This article is for general information purposes only and does not replace medical diagnosis, advice, rehabilitation, or treatment. How quickly and to what extent physical activity can be resumed after an illness or surgery depends on individual circumstances. Follow the recommendations of your treating specialists. The content does not refer to HAWLIK products.  

"My metabolism is just too slow." – hardly any term is used as frequently in relation to diet and body weight as metabolism. At the same time, teas, spices, fasting cures, or certain foods promise to "jump-start" it. But can the metabolism actually fall asleep? Do muscles burn more energy even while on the sofa? And are there foods that get our body to burn fat? Time to take a closer look at some metabolism myths. Metabolism is much more than burning calories Metabolism refers to the sum of all chemical processes in our body. Nutrients are absorbed, converted, built up, stored, or broken down. This is by no means just about body weight. Metabolic processes take place virtually everywhere: when cells provide energy, when proteins are built, when the liver processes substances, or when the body forms new cellular components. When people talk about a "fast" or "slow metabolism" in everyday life, however, they usually mean something else: How much energy does my body consume? Where do our calories actually go? Even if we were to spend an entire day on the sofa, our body would have a considerable energy requirement. After all, the heart, brain, breathing, circulation, body temperature, and numerous other processes keep running. Resting energy expenditure The largest portion is required for basic body functions – even when we are not physically active. Physical activity This includes exercise, but also walking, climbing stairs, housework, and all other movements of everyday life. Digestion Digesting, absorbing, and processing our food also requires energy. This effect is known as diet-induced thermogenesis. The total energy expenditure differs from person to person. Body size and body composition play a role, as do physical activity, age, biological factors, and various hormonal influences. Do some people really have a "slow metabolism"? People do indeed differ in how much energy they consume. However, a lower energy expenditure does not automatically mean that something is wrong with the metabolism. For example, a smaller body usually requires less energy than a larger one. Fat-free mass also influences resting energy expenditure. Two people can therefore have different energy requirements, even though both are healthy. An unusually low or high energy turnover can also have medical causes in certain cases. Thyroid hormones, for instance, are involved in regulating energy metabolism. An underactive thyroid can affect energy consumption – but it is not the explanation for every weight gain. Muscles and metabolism: what’s the story? Muscle tissue requires energy even at rest. People with more fat-free mass therefore generally have a higher resting energy expenditure. However, the effect of additional muscle mass is sometimes exaggerated. Strength training does not turn the body into a "calorie furnace" that suddenly burns huge amounts of energy. Nevertheless, strength training is useful: it helps build or maintain muscle mass and physical performance. Especially as we age, maintaining muscle mass becomes increasingly important. Everyday movement is often underestimated When thinking about energy consumption, many people first think of jogging, the gym, or other sports. But movement outside of training also counts. Shopping on foot, climbing stairs, cycling, gardening, or getting up throughout the day – all these activities require energy. How active we are in daily life can therefore have a significant impact on our total energy expenditure. Exercise is therefore not the only way to get more movement into your day. Regular everyday activity can make a significant difference. Can the body switch to "energy-saving mode" during a diet? The term "energy-saving mode" sounds more dramatic than it actually is. The metabolism does not simply switch off during a diet. However, energy expenditure can decrease during weight loss. One reason for this is simple: a lighter body requires less energy. At the same time, when losing weight, both fat mass and fat-free mass can be lost. In addition, the body can partially adapt to reduced energy intake and lower body weight. This phenomenon is known as adaptive thermogenesis or metabolic adaptation. This can contribute to weight loss slowing down after a while or reaching a plateau. However, it does not mean that the metabolism is "broken." Metabolism myths cleared up "Certain foods really boost the metabolism." Individual foods or ingredients can have a minor short-term impact on energy expenditure. However, this does not create a significant "turbo" effect for the metabolism. Body composition and physical activity are significantly more important for long-term energy consumption. "If you are overweight, you have a slow metabolism." That is not necessarily the case. Larger bodies generally require more energy to maintain than smaller ones. Body weight is also influenced by numerous biological, behavioral, and environmental factors. "Eating many small meals keeps the metabolism going." Eating more frequently does not automatically cause the body to consume significantly more energy throughout the day. How often someone eats can be tailored to personal preferences and needs. "After 6 PM, everything is stored as fat." The body does not have a metabolic clock that suddenly switches to fat storage at 6 PM. The long-term energy balance is essential for body weight. However, the timing and composition of meals can influence aspects such as sleep, appetite, and eating behavior. "A strict diet permanently ruins the metabolism." During weight loss, energy expenditure can drop, and the body can partially adapt to the changed situation. However, this does not mean that the metabolism is permanently "destroyed." Can you really jump-start your metabolism? The idea of a metabolism switch that you can turn to "fast" in the morning with a certain drink or food is tempting – but too simple. It makes much more sense to look at factors that can actually be influenced. Regular physical activity increases energy expenditure during movement. Strength training supports the maintenance and building of muscle mass. At the same time, a varied, balanced diet provides the body with the necessary nutrients. Getting enough sleep is also part of a health-conscious lifestyle. Lack of sleep can affect appetite, eating behavior, and physical performance – even if one shouldn't say that sleep simply "speeds up" the metabolism. What really counts in everyday life Move regularly – not just during exercise Maintain and build muscle mass through strength training Eat a varied and balanced diet Avoid extreme crash diets Get enough sleep and plan for recovery When a "slow metabolism" isn't the cause Weight and energy consumption are influenced by many factors. Nevertheless, significant changes can sometimes be a reason to take a closer look. Unexplained weight gain or loss should be medically clarified, especially if other symptoms appear. These can include, for example, pronounced fatigue, unusual sensitivity to cold or heat, heart palpitations, severe thirst, or other new symptoms. There can be very different reasons for this. Metabolic and hormonal diseases such as thyroid dysfunction or diabetes are among the possibilities – but they cannot be diagnosed by yourself based on individual symptoms. Conclusion Our metabolism is not an engine that we can speed up or slow down at will with a specific food. It comprises a complex network of processes that keeps our body alive 24/7. Anyone looking to influence their energy expenditure does not need a "metabolism booster." Regular exercise, maintaining muscle mass, and a balanced lifestyle are the much more sensible levers to pull. Frequently asked questions about metabolism What does metabolism mean? Metabolism refers to the sum of all chemical processes in the body in which substances are absorbed, converted, built up, stored, or broken down. This also includes the provision of energy. Is there really such a thing as a slow metabolism? People differ in their energy expenditure. Body size, body composition, activity, and other biological factors play a role. A comparatively low energy expenditure does not automatically mean that a disease is present. Can you jump-start the metabolism? There is no simple metabolic turbo. Physical activity increases energy expenditure, and muscle mass contributes to resting energy expenditure. Individual foods, on the other hand, do not have a large long-term effect on energy expenditure. Does a diet slow down the metabolism? When losing weight, energy requirements drop, partly because a lighter body requires less energy. In addition, there can be a certain metabolic adaptation. However, the metabolism is not simply "broken" by this. Do muscles burn more energy even at rest? Muscle tissue requires energy even at rest. More fat-free body mass is therefore associated with a higher resting energy expenditure. The additional energy expenditure from individual kilograms of muscle mass should not be overestimated, however. Does eating after 6 PM make you fat? There is no set time after which food is automatically stored as body fat. The long-term energy balance is decisive for weight development. The timing and composition of meals can still influence other aspects like appetite, eating behavior, and sleep. What role does the thyroid play in metabolism? Thyroid hormones are involved in the regulation of energy metabolism. An overactive or underactive thyroid can therefore affect energy consumption, among other things, and should be medically clarified and treated. Note: This post is for general information and does not replace medical or nutritional advice. Statements about food, nutrition, and lifestyle do not constitute claims regarding the prevention, treatment, or cure of diseases. In case of unexplained weight changes or persistent complaints, please consult a medical professional. The content does not refer to HAWLIK products.

A tickle in the throat, a runny nose – and suddenly, the cough begins. Most of the time, this is caused by a temporary respiratory infection. But a cough is not just annoying: it is an important protective reflex of our body and helps to keep the airways clear. Why do we cough in the first place? How do you distinguish between a cold, the flu, asthma, and COPD – and when is a cough no longer just a cough? Our airways have their own cleaning system With every breath, air travels through the nose and throat into the trachea, on into the bronchi, and finally into the alveoli. This is where the actual gas exchange takes place: oxygen enters the blood, and carbon dioxide is released into the exhaled air. At the same time, dust, particles, and pathogens also enter the airways with the air. The body has various protective mechanisms to counter this. A large part of the airways is lined with a mucous membrane. Mucus can trap inhaled particles, while tiny cilia help transport this material toward the throat. This interaction is known as mucociliary clearance. The nose is more than just an air passage When breathing through the nose, inhaled air is filtered, warmed, and humidified before it reaches the deeper sections of the airways. Thus, the nose and mucous membranes form an important part of our airways' natural protective barrier. Why do we actually have to cough? Initially, coughing is not a disease, but a protective reflex. If the airways are irritated, a powerful burst of air can help to remove mucus, foreign bodies, or other irritants from the airways. With a respiratory infection, a cough can initially be dry and irritating. As it progresses, more mucus may be produced. Even after other cold symptoms have subsided, the cough may persist for some time. Therefore, it is not just the number of days someone coughs that is decisive. The progression, accompanying symptoms, pre-existing conditions, and the question of whether the cough is gradually improving or getting worse are also important. Cold or flu? Not the same thing In everyday life, colds and the flu are often equated. Medically, however, they are different illnesses. A cold can be triggered by numerous different viruses. Typical symptoms include a runny nose, sore throat, and cough. Symptoms often develop rather gradually. A true flu – influenza – on the other hand, is caused by influenza viruses. It can start suddenly and be accompanied by fever, a pronounced feeling of illness, headaches and muscle aches, coughing, and other symptoms. COVID-19 and the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can also cause respiratory infections. Since the symptoms of various infections can overlap, it is not always possible to reliably determine which pathogen is behind them based on individual symptoms alone. When a cough does not come from a temporary infection Not every cough is a cold. Chronic respiratory diseases can also cause coughing and breathing difficulties. Asthma With asthma, the airways are chronically inflamed and hypersensitive. Symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath can occur intermittently. COPD In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the airways are permanently narrowed. Typical symptoms are coughing, phlegm, and increasing shortness of breath, especially during physical exertion. Allergic respiratory symptoms Allergies can cause sneezing, a runny or stuffy nose, and irritated airways, among other things. With allergic asthma, the bronchi can also be affected. Pneumonia and numerous other diseases can also be accompanied by a cough. Therefore, a cough that follows an unusual course, recurs repeatedly, or is accompanied by shortness of breath should not be dismissed over the long term as just a "cold cough." COPD often begins unremarkably Especially with COPD, symptoms often develop insidiously. A morning cough or phlegm is sometimes accepted for years as "smoker's cough." Later, shortness of breath during physical exertion may be added. Smoking is the most important risk factor for COPD, but not the only possible influence. Long-term exposure to harmful particles and gases can also play a role. Anyone who has a cough over a long period, regular phlegm, or increasingly gets out of breath when climbing stairs or walking quickly should have these symptoms medically examined. Spirometry – a lung function test – is an important examination for diagnosing COPD. What is good for our airways in everyday life One of the most important modifiable factors for lung health is a smoke-free daily life. Anyone who smokes benefits from quitting, regardless of how long they have been smoking. Regular physical activity supports general physical performance. If existing lung or heart diseases are present, the type and intensity of movement should be adjusted to the individual situation. With an uncomplicated respiratory infection, the focus is often on rest and sufficient fluid intake. Antibiotics, however, do not help against viruses and are therefore not automatically useful for a common viral respiratory infection. Respiratory infections: How to reduce transmission Many respiratory pathogens are transmitted via droplets and aerosols. Especially in indoor spaces where several people are present, the risk of transmission can be increased. Anyone with symptoms of a respiratory infection should reduce contacts as much as possible and stay at home. Regular ventilation reduces the concentration of potential pathogens in the indoor air. Coughing and sneezing into a paper tissue or the crook of the arm, as well as good hand hygiene, also help to reduce transmission. Depending on the personal situation, vaccinations can also play a role. In Switzerland, there are recommendations for vaccinations against influenza, COVID-19, and measures against RSV for certain groups of people. Which vaccinations are individually recommended depends on age, pregnancy, and health risk factors, among other things. Consideration for respiratory infections stay home if you have symptoms of illness ventilate indoor spaces well and regularly cough and sneeze into a tissue or the crook of your arm wash or disinfect hands regularly and thoroughly consider additional protective measures when in contact with particularly vulnerable people check personal vaccination recommendations Cough myths clarified "Green or yellow phlegm means I need antibiotics." Not automatically. The color of the phlegm alone does not reliably show whether a bacterial infection is present or if an antibiotic is required. The overall clinical picture and the progression are decisive. "A cough must be gone after a week." No. A cough can persist longer after a respiratory infection than a runny nose or sore throat. It is important whether it gradually improves and whether additional warning signs appear. "Smoker's cough is just part of smoking." Persistent coughing and phlegm should not be dismissed as a normal side effect of smoking. They can be signs of a chronic lung disease like COPD and should be investigated. "Antibiotics help with a cold faster." Common colds are caused by viruses. Antibiotics work against bacteria and are therefore not effective in an uncomplicated viral infection. When should a cough be investigated? Not every cough requires a visit to the doctor. However, if it lasts an unusually long time, gets stronger instead of better, or recurs repeatedly, the cause should be assessed medically. This is especially true if you also experience shortness of breath, a pronounced feeling of illness, persistent or high fever, chest pain, or blood in your phlegm. People with chronic heart or lung diseases as well as people with an increased risk of severe respiratory infections should also seek medical advice early if they have symptoms. ! Shortness of breath is a warning sign Severe or sudden shortness of breath, bluish or grayish discoloration of the lips or skin, impaired consciousness, or severe chest pain require immediate medical assessment. In an acute emergency situation in Switzerland, the emergency number is 144. Conclusion Coughing is, first and foremost, a useful protective mechanism of our airways. With a common respiratory infection, it usually disappears again – sometimes, however, later than the other symptoms. The progression is decisive: persistent or recurring cough, increasing shortness of breath, and other warning signs should not simply be dismissed as a cold. A smoke-free daily life, physical activity, sensible hygiene measures, and individually recommended vaccinations help to protect the airways and general health. Frequently asked questions about coughs and airways Why do we cough in the first place? Coughing is a protective reflex. It helps the body remove mucus, foreign bodies, and other irritants from the airways. What is the difference between a cold and the flu? Colds are caused by various viruses and often develop rather gradually. Influenza, on the other hand, can start suddenly with fever, severe malaise, headaches and muscle aches, as well as a cough. How long can a cough last after an infection? A cough can last longer than other cold symptoms and persist for some time after an infection. If it does not gradually get better, lasts an unusually long time, or warning signs are added, the cause should be medically clarified. Does yellow or green phlegm mean a bacterial infection? Not automatically. The color of the phlegm alone is not enough to distinguish between a viral and a bacterial infection or to decide on the necessity of an antibiotic. What are typical signs of COPD? Typical symptoms are persistent coughing, phlegm, and increasing shortness of breath, especially during physical exertion. A lung function test is part of the diagnosis. When is shortness of breath an emergency? Severe or sudden shortness of breath, especially together with impaired consciousness, bluish or grayish lips or skin, or severe chest pain, requires immediate medical help. Note: This article serves as general information and does not replace professional medical diagnosis, advice, or treatment. Coughs and breathing difficulties can have numerous causes. For persistent, severe, or newly occurring symptoms, please consult a medical professional. The content does not relate to HAWLIK products.