Knowledge about medicinal mushrooms & nutrition

Abdominal pain, diarrhea, and exhaustion – when it comes to Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, there is more involved than just a sensitive gut. Both belong to the group of inflammatory bowel diseases, or IBD for short. The inflammation can flare up repeatedly over years and affect not only the gut, but sometimes other areas of the body as well. However, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are not the same. Where the inflammation occurs, how it spreads, and what symptoms arise can differ significantly. An overview of two conditions that share many commonalities – yet can progress differently. What does IBD actually mean? IBD stands for inflammatory bowel disease. The most well-known forms include Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Both conditions are characterized by persistent or recurring inflammation of the digestive tract. Active phases of the disease often alternate with quieter phases. An active phase is frequently referred to as a flare-up, and a phase with significantly reduced disease activity as remission. Unlike irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory changes or inflammatory activity can be detected in IBD through medical examinations. Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are not contagious. However, symptoms such as abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits can have many causes. You can learn more about a functional bowel disorder in our article on irritable bowel syndrome. Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis – what is the difference? Both conditions can cause similar symptoms. However, an important difference lies in where and how the inflammation spreads within the digestive tract. Crohn's disease Can fundamentally affect any section of the digestive tract from the mouth to the anus. The transition from the small intestine to the large intestine is particularly often affected. Inflamed and non-inflamed intestinal sections can alternate. The inflammation can also affect deeper layers or all layers of the intestinal wall. Ulcerative colitis Affects the large intestine. The inflammation typically begins in the rectum and can spread from there in a continuous manner over other sections of the large intestine. The inner lining of the large intestine is primarily affected, where inflammation and ulcers can develop. When the gut is permanently sounding the alarm Which symptoms occur depends, among other things, on which sections of the gut are affected, how pronounced the inflammation is, and whether complications exist. Possible symptoms include persistent or recurring diarrhea, abdominal pain and cramps, blood or mucus in the stool, fatigue, weight loss, and, during active disease phases, sometimes fever. In ulcerative colitis, bloody diarrhea and a distinct urgency to defecate are particularly typical. In Crohn's disease, depending on the location, symptoms such as weight loss or discomfort in the anal area may occur in addition to diarrhea and abdominal pain. ! Have symptoms medically evaluated Persistent diarrhea, blood in the stool, recurring or severe abdominal pain, fever, or unintentional weight loss should be medically evaluated. In cases of severe acute symptoms, significant bleeding, or a marked deterioration in general condition, a rapid medical assessment is important. IBD can affect more than just the gut Although Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are bowel diseases, inflammatory changes can also occur outside the digestive tract. Areas such as joints, skin, or eyes can be affected. Diseases of the liver and bile ducts can also occur in connection with IBD. Additionally, blood loss, inflammation, limited food intake, or – especially in Crohn's disease – impaired nutrient absorption can contribute to an increased risk of malnutrition and certain nutrient deficiencies. For this reason, assessing nutritional status is now also part of the care for people with IBD. Why do Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis develop? No single cause for IBD is known. According to current research, the disease develops through a complex interplay of various factors. These include genetic predisposition, changes in the immune response, and the interaction between the intestinal barrier, the gut microbiome, and environmental factors. How these factors interact in detail is still being intensively researched. Smoking does not affect all forms of IBD equally In Crohn's disease in particular, smoking is associated with a less favorable disease progression. Quitting smoking is therefore one of the important recommendations for people with Crohn's disease. How is IBD diagnosed? There is no single test for the diagnosis. Physicians piece together various information: symptoms and medical history, physical examination, as well as laboratory, stool, endoscopic, and imaging examinations. Blood tests, for example, can provide indications of inflammation or anemia. Stool tests help, among other things, to assess inflammatory activity and exclude certain other causes of the symptoms. A colonoscopy plays an important role. During this procedure, the intestinal mucosa can be directly assessed, and small tissue samples – known as biopsies – can be taken. Depending on the clinical question, imaging procedures such as ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are also used. Even after diagnosis, disease activity is regularly monitored. Increasingly, non-invasive methods such as inflammatory markers in blood or stool and intestinal ultrasound are being used for this purpose. What is the goal of treatment? Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are chronic conditions. The goal of treatment is to control inflammation, reduce symptoms, prevent complications as much as possible, and achieve the longest possible remission. The therapy used depends on factors such as the specific disease, its extent and activity, possible complications, and previous treatment. Various anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating medications are available, as well as modern targeted therapies. In certain situations, surgical interventions may also be necessary. Treatment is determined individually by the gastroenterology care team. Medications should not be discontinued or changed independently – even if symptoms have temporarily disappeared. Is there a "right" diet for IBD? There is no universal "Crohn's diet" or "colitis diet." Which nutrition is appropriate depends on factors including the specific disease, disease activity, possible strictures or surgeries, nutritional status, and individual tolerance. Without specific medical reasons, nutrition should not be restricted unnecessarily. Very restrictive diets can lead to insufficient intake of energy, protein, or important nutrients. At the same time, nutrition in IBD can be more than just supportive: for certain situations – especially in Crohn's disease – there are specific nutritional therapy procedures. However, these belong under the care of an experienced IBD team or a specialized nutritional counselor and should not be carried out independently. Keep an eye on nutrient supply In IBD, the risk of malnutrition and individual nutrient deficiencies can be increased. Depending on the disease, affected gut segment, disease activity, and therapy, nutrients like iron, vitamin B12, or vitamin D may be relevant. Whether supplementation is necessary should be decided based on the individual situation and corresponding tests. Living with IBD: What can help in everyday life Inflammatory bowel diseases can influence everyday life in very different ways. While some people in remission experience almost no limitations, active disease phases can be associated with diarrhea, pain, and pronounced fatigue. Regular medical check-ups therefore remain important even in phases with few symptoms. Exercise can be adapted to individual tolerance. Adequate rest and sleep can be particularly important if fatigue or pronounced tiredness is part of the clinical picture. The psychological burden should not be underestimated either. A chronic illness with sometimes difficult-to-predict symptoms can affect work, leisure, relationships, and social activities. If needed, psychological support, specialized counseling services, or connecting with others affected can be helpful. Very practical strategies can also provide security: those who frequently or urgently need a restroom while on the go may plan longer trips differently, check for available toilets in advance, or keep a change of clothes and personal supplies with them for emergencies. IBD myths debunked "Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are the same."No. Both belong to the group of inflammatory bowel diseases, but they differ in, among other things, which parts of the digestive tract are affected and how deep or continuous the inflammation occurs. "IBD is caused by an unhealthy diet."It is not that simple. The diseases develop through a complex interplay of various genetic, immunological, and environmental factors. Diet alone does not explain their development. "With IBD, one must permanently eliminate as many foods as possible."No. General and unnecessarily restrictive forms of nutrition can complicate nutrient intake. Nutrition should be individually adapted to the disease, disease phase, and tolerance. "If I have no symptoms, the inflammation has disappeared."Not necessarily. Symptoms and inflammatory activity do not always run in parallel. This is why monitoring progress is important even in quieter disease phases. "IBD is contagious."No. Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis cannot be transmitted from person to person. Conclusion Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are inflammatory bowel diseases that can cause far more than just digestive symptoms. Progression and effects differ from person to person – as does the necessary treatment. An individually tailored medical therapy, regular check-ups, and a need-based diet are important building blocks for the long-term management of IBD. Frequently asked questions about Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis What is the difference between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis? Crohn's disease can fundamentally affect any section of the digestive tract from the mouth to the anus and involve deeper layers of the intestinal wall. Ulcerative colitis affects the large intestine and typically begins in the rectum. The inflammation spreads there continuously and primarily affects the intestinal mucosa. What is the difference between IBD and IBS? Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are inflammatory diseases where inflammatory activity can be medically detected. Irritable bowel syndrome, on the other hand, belongs to disorders of the gut-brain interaction. Symptoms are real but are not based on the same chronic inflammatory disease of the bowel. Are Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis curable? Both diseases are chronic. Treatment aims to control inflammation, reduce symptoms, prevent complications as much as possible, and achieve long-term remission phases. What diet makes sense for IBD? There is no universal IBD diet. Nutrition should be adapted to the disease, disease activity, nutritional status, and individual tolerance. With special nutritional therapy procedures, professional guidance is important. Can IBD also cause symptoms outside the gut? Yes. Inflammatory changes can affect, among other things, joints, skin, or eyes. Certain diseases of the liver and bile ducts can also occur in connection with IBD. Are Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis contagious? No. Inflammatory bowel diseases are not contagious. Note: This article is for general information purposes and does not replace professional medical diagnosis, advice, or treatment. In the case of persistent or recurring symptoms, contact a medical professional. Ongoing treatment should not be changed or discontinued without medical consultation. The contents of this article do not refer to HAWLIK products.

You can feel completely healthy – and still have high blood pressure. That is precisely one of the specific characteristics of hypertension: it often causes no noticeable symptoms for a long time, but can still place a strain on the heart and blood vessels. What do the two blood pressure numbers actually mean? At what point are values considered high? And why does a single measurement not tell us very much? An overview of blood pressure, correct measurement, and the most important influencing factors. What do 120 over 80 – or 140 over 90 mean? Blood pressure describes the pressure with which blood flows through the arteries. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). Two values are always displayed. Systolic value The upper value occurs when the heart contracts and pumps blood into the arteries. Diastolic value The lower value describes the pressure during the relaxation phase of the heart between two heartbeats. Blood pressure is not constant. Physical activity, stress, excitement, time of day, and other factors can temporarily change it. Therefore, a reliable diagnosis cannot be derived from a single measurement. At what point is blood pressure too high? The decisive factor is, first of all, where and how the blood pressure is measured. In the case of repeated measurements in a doctor's office of 140/90 mmHg or higher, this is generally referred to as high blood pressure or hypertension. For measurements at home, the corresponding threshold is lower: here, average values of 135/85 mmHg or higher are considered elevated. Different thresholds also apply to a 24-hour blood pressure monitoring compared to a measurement in a doctor's practice. Good to know Health risk does not suddenly start at one single number. Today, blood pressure and cardiovascular risk are increasingly viewed in context. Therefore, age, existing medical conditions, and further risk factors also play a role in medical assessment. Why high blood pressure often goes unnoticed High blood pressure often causes no characteristic symptoms. Therefore, you can feel fine even if your values have been elevated for a long time. However, persistently high blood pressure strains the vessel walls and increases the workload on the heart. In the long term, this increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks and strokes, as well as heart failure and kidney damage, among other things. This is exactly why regular measurement is so important: high blood pressure cannot be reliably detected by how you feel. What causes high blood pressure? In the vast majority of those affected, no single cause can be identified. Experts then refer to it as primary or essential hypertension. In this case, various factors work together – including genetic predisposition, age, and lifestyle. Less commonly, high blood pressure is the result of another condition or a specific cause. This can include, for example, kidney disease, hormonal disorders, or sleep apnea. In such cases, it is called secondary hypertension. Measuring blood pressure: Small mistakes, different values Measuring blood pressure looks simple – but conditions can significantly influence the result. For self-measurement, you should first sit quietly for a few minutes. Do not speak during the measurement and try not to move. The cuff must match the arm circumference and be applied correctly. The arm should rest in a relaxed position on a surface so that the cuff or measuring point is roughly at heart level. For a more reliable self-measurement sit quietly for at least five minutes beforehand use an appropriate cuff size position the arm and measuring point at heart level do not speak or move during the measurement document values regularly do not judge based on a single measurement value With the first self-measurement, it may be useful to measure on both arms. If consistently different values are found, this should be discussed with a medical professional. Why blood pressure can be higher at the doctor's Some people have higher blood pressure values in the doctor's office than at home. Excitement or tension can temporarily cause blood pressure to rise. This phenomenon is known as white-coat hypertension. Conversely, values in the practice can be unremarkable, while they are elevated outside the practice. Therefore, home measurements or 24-hour blood pressure monitoring can provide additional information in unclear situations. What role does lifestyle play? In addition to age and genetic predisposition, various lifestyle factors can influence blood pressure. These include diet, physical activity, body weight, alcohol consumption, and smoking. In terms of diet, salt intake plays a particular role. A large part of our salt intake comes not from the salt shaker, but from processed foods. A varied diet with plenty of vegetables, fruits, legumes, and whole-grain products, as well as conscious consumption of highly salty foods, are among the general recommendations. Regular physical activity is also an important part of a heart-conscious lifestyle. If you are overweight, weight reduction can have a beneficial effect on blood pressure. Restrained alcohol consumption and quitting smoking are also part of cardiovascular prevention. Lifestyle changes are not a substitute for prescribed medical treatment. Which measures are sensible in an individual case depends, among other things, on the blood pressure values and the overall cardiovascular risk. When are lifestyle changes not enough? Whether medication is additionally necessary is not based solely on a single blood pressure figure. Doctors take into account, among other things, the level of the values, the overall cardiovascular risk, and potential comorbidities. If blood pressure-lowering medication is prescribed, regular intake is important. The medication should not be discontinued on your own, changed in dosage, or replaced with other remedies. Even if the measured values are normal again, this may be precisely the result of effective treatment. Blood pressure myths clarified "If I had high blood pressure, I would notice." Usually not. High blood pressure often causes no characteristic symptoms for a long time. A measurement is therefore much more informative than your own feelings. "A single high value means I have high blood pressure." No. Blood pressure fluctuates and can temporarily rise due to excitement or physical exertion, for example. Repeated measurements or further diagnostic methods are decisive for a diagnosis. "If the medication works and my blood pressure is normal, I can stop taking it." Not on your own. Normal values can be a sign that the treatment is working. Changes to medication should always be discussed with your treating physician. "High blood pressure is just normal as you get older." While blood pressure often changes as you get older, persistently high values should still be medically evaluated and not attributed to age alone. When does high blood pressure become an emergency? An unusually high measurement without symptoms should first be re-checked under calm conditions and, if values remain persistently high, be medically clarified. ! In case of acute warning signs: Call 144 If symptoms such as chest pain, severe shortness of breath, sudden paralysis, speech disorders, confusion, or other acute severe symptoms occur, medical help should be requested immediately via the emergency number 144. Conclusion High blood pressure is often not noticeable – but it is measurable. The decisive factor is therefore not a single value, but how blood pressure behaves over time during correctly performed measurements. Knowing your values, measuring correctly, and having persistently elevated levels evaluated by a doctor creates an important foundation for protecting your heart and blood vessels. Frequently asked questions about high blood pressure At what point is it called high blood pressure? In the case of repeated measurements in a doctor's office of 140/90 mmHg or higher, this is generally referred to as hypertension. For self-measurement at home, the corresponding threshold is an average of 135/85 mmHg. Diagnosis is not based on single measurements alone. Can you feel high blood pressure? Often not. High blood pressure can persist for a long time without characteristic symptoms. This is why blood pressure measurement is decisive. Why is my blood pressure higher at the doctor's than at home? Excitement or tension can temporarily increase values in the practice. This phenomenon is known as white-coat hypertension. Home measurements or 24-hour monitoring can help with the assessment. How do I measure my blood pressure correctly? Sit quietly for a few minutes before measuring. The cuff must fit, the arm should be relaxed, and the measuring point positioned at heart level. Do not speak or move during the measurement. Multiple measurements are more informative than a single value. Can high blood pressure be lowered through lifestyle alone? Lifestyle changes are an important part of treatment. Whether they are sufficient on their own or medication is additionally necessary depends on the blood pressure values, personal cardiovascular risk, and potential comorbidities. Can I stop taking blood pressure medication if my values are normal again? Not without consulting a doctor. Normal values can be a result of the treatment working. Blood pressure medication should therefore not be discontinued or changed in dosage on your own. Note: This article is for general information and does not replace medical diagnosis, advice, or treatment. If you have repeatedly elevated blood pressure values or symptoms, please consult a medical professional. In case of acute severe symptoms, call the emergency number 144. The content of this article does not refer to HAWLIK products.

Hardly have the first trees blossomed, and the sneezing begins again for many people: the nose runs, the eyes itch – and suddenly every walk becomes a pollen encounter. Hay fever is one of the most common allergies and actually has little to do with hay. It is caused by an allergic reaction to pollen from trees, grasses, or herbs. In this article, you will learn which pollen is in the air at what time, why even an apple can sometimes make your mouth tingle, and what those affected can keep in mind during pollen season. What happens in the body during hay fever? Hay fever is medically referred to as pollen allergy or allergic rhinitis. The immune system reacts to proteins in plant pollen that are actually harmless. In sensitized individuals, contact with pollen can trigger an immune response. This releases messenger substances such as histamine. The result can be sneezing, a runny or stuffy nose, as well as itchy and watery eyes. The name "hay fever" comes from a time when symptoms were associated with the hay harvest. Today we know: It is not the hay itself that is the deciding factor, but the pollen found in it or in the surrounding environment. You can find out more about what happens during allergic reactions in the body and how an allergy differs from an intolerance in our overview of allergies and intolerances. More than just a runny nose Hay fever can manifest itself in different ways. Typical symptoms are sneezing fits, a runny or stuffy nose, itching in the nose, palate, or ears, as well as red, itchy, and watery eyes. Some sufferers also feel tired or less productive during pollen season. Sleep can also be affected, for example if a stuffy nose makes breathing difficult at night. Eyes Itching, redness, and increased watering. Nose Sneezing fits and a runny or stuffy nose. Airways Coughing or wheezing should be investigated. When is which pollen in the air? There is no fixed pollen season based on a calendar. The start of the blossoming period and the amount of pollen depend on factors such as weather, temperature, region, and altitude. In mild years, the first allergologically relevant pollen can appear as early as winter. For Switzerland, the annual cycle can be roughly categorized as follows: Late Winter Hazel and alder are among the early pollen producers and can blossom early in the year in mild regions. Spring Among others, ash and birch define the tree pollen season in spring. Late Spring and Summer Grasses are among the important allergy-triggering pollen types during this time. Late Summer Herbs like mugwort and ragweed can extend the pollen season into late summer. Since the actual exposure fluctuates from day to day, the current pollen forecast is more informative than a rigid calendar. MeteoSwiss provides current measurement and forecast data for this purpose. Why does an apple sometimes cause a tingling sensation with hay fever? Some people with a pollen allergy suddenly notice a tingling or itching sensation in their mouth when eating certain foods. The reason: Certain proteins in food are so similar to the allergy-triggering proteins in pollen that the immune system can "confuse" them. In the case of a birch pollen allergy, for example, reactions to certain raw fruits, vegetables, or nuts can occur. These can include apples, cherries, carrots, or hazelnuts. This is known as a pollen-associated food allergy or a cross-reaction. Which foods trigger symptoms and how pronounced these are differs from person to person. Foods should therefore not be eliminated from the diet as a precaution solely because of a pollen allergy. ! Act immediately in case of severe reactions If shortness of breath, significant swelling in the mouth or throat area, circulatory problems, or impaired consciousness occur after eating, a severe allergic reaction may be present. In such a situation, call the emergency number 144 immediately. Is it really hay fever? When symptoms occur every year during certain months, a pollen allergy is suspected. However, for medical clarification, it is not just an allergy test that is decisive. Equally important is the medical history: When do the symptoms occur, how severe are they, and do they align with the pollen flight? Depending on the situation, skin tests such as the prick test and blood tests for specific IgE antibodies can be used. A symptom or pollen diary can additionally help to identify connections between symptoms and pollen exposure. Good to know A positive allergy test initially shows sensitization. Whether this is actually responsible for the symptoms must be assessed in conjunction with the medical history and symptoms. What can be done about hay fever? Treatment depends on the type and severity of the symptoms. A first approach is to reduce exposure to the triggering pollen as much as reasonably possible. In addition, various medications are available that can alleviate allergic symptoms. Commonly used drug classes for pollen allergies include, for example, antihistamines and cortisone-based nasal sprays. Which treatment is suitable depends on individual symptoms and can be discussed with a doctor or a specialist in a pharmacy. For certain patients, allergen-specific immunotherapy, also known as desensitization, is an option. During this, the immune system is controlled and exposed to the triggering allergen over a longer period of time. This requires an accurate diagnosis and a medical assessment of whether this treatment is suitable for the specific allergen and individual situation. When more than just the nose is affected Pollen allergies do not always exclusively affect the nose and eyes. People with allergic rhinitis have an increased risk of also developing allergic asthma. If, in addition to hay fever, you repeatedly experience coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, or a feeling of tightness in the chest, this should be medically investigated. The term "allergic march" (or "stage change") is often used for the involvement of the lower airways. However, this does not mean that asthma inevitably develops in every person with hay fever. Whether this happens depends on various factors. Getting through everyday life with less pollen Avoiding pollen completely is hardly possible. However, personal exposure can often be reduced. Knowing the current pollen forecast and adjusting outdoor activities during high exposure is particularly helpful. Washing your hair in the evening and not leaving worn clothes in the bedroom can prevent unnecessary amounts of pollen from getting into the bed. When airing out rooms, it may make sense to orient yourself towards the current pollen count. Wearing sunglasses while out and about can help reduce the direct contact of pollen with the eyes. In the car, a suitable pollen filter can be helpful, provided it is maintained and changed according to the manufacturer's instructions. Keeping an eye on the current pollen situation is also worth it when exercising or spending long periods outdoors. For pollen season check the current pollen forecast keep pollen out of the bedroom as much as possible do not leave worn clothes next to the bed wash your hair in the evening if necessary wear sunglasses when out and about use prescribed or recommended medications correctly Hay fever myths debunked "You only get hay fever in the spring." No. Depending on which pollen someone reacts to, symptoms can begin as early as winter or extend into late summer or autumn. "You only get hay fever as a child." No. A pollen allergy can also manifest itself for the first time in adulthood. "All pollen disappears immediately when it rains." It's not that simple. Sustained rain can lower the pollen concentration in the air, but the actual exposure depends on the weather, the type of pollen, and local conditions. "If you react to birch pollen, you are not allowed to eat apples." No. Not everyone with a birch pollen allergy reacts to apples. Foods should only be avoided if there is actually a corresponding reaction or medical recommendation. When should hay fever be medically investigated? Medical clarification is useful if symptoms recur regularly, significantly impair sleep or daily life, the trigger is unclear, or previous treatment is not helping sufficiently. It is especially important to get checked out if coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, or a feeling of tightness in the chest occur. These symptoms may indicate involvement of the lower airways. ! In case of severe breathing difficulties: Call 144 If sudden, severe breathing difficulties, pronounced swelling in the mouth or throat area, circulatory problems, or impaired consciousness occur, request medical help immediately by calling the emergency number 144. Conclusion Hay fever is more than just seasonal sneezing. When symptoms occur depends on which pollen someone reacts to and when it is actually in the air. Those who know their personal triggers, keep an eye on the current pollen exposure, and have persistent or severe symptoms professionally assessed can be better prepared for the pollen season. Frequently asked questions about hay fever What is the difference between hay fever and a cold? Hay fever often occurs in line with the pollen season and is typically accompanied by sneezing and itchy or watery eyes. A cold is caused by viruses and can additionally cause symptoms such as a sore throat and a general feeling of being unwell. If symptoms are unclear or persistent, medical clarification is advisable. When does the pollen season start in Switzerland? That depends on the weather, region, and plant species. In mild regions, hazel and alder can release pollen as early as winter. Other tree pollens follow in the spring, later followed by grasses, and in late summer by mugwort and ragweed, among others. Can you develop hay fever only as an adult? Yes. A pollen allergy can also develop or first become noticeable in adulthood. What is a cross-allergy? In this case, the immune system recognizes similarly structured proteins from pollen and certain foods. As a result, if you have a birch pollen allergy, for example, symptoms can occur in the mouth and throat area after consuming certain raw foods. What is desensitization? Allergen-specific immunotherapy—often called desensitization—is a medical treatment in which the immune system is exposed to the triggering allergen in a controlled manner over a longer period of time. Whether it is suitable is decided on an individual basis and based on an accurate allergy diagnosis. Can hay fever turn into asthma? People with allergic rhinitis have an increased risk of also developing allergic asthma. However, this does not happen to all affected individuals. Coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, or a feeling of tightness in the chest should therefore be evaluated by a doctor. Note: This article is for general information purposes only and does not replace medical diagnosis, advice, or treatment. If you have symptoms or suspect a pollen allergy, please consult a medical professional. In the event of a severe allergic reaction or severe shortness of breath, call the emergency services at 144. The content of this article does not relate to HAWLIK products.

Hericium erinaceus, monkey head mushroom, lion's mane – hardly any other mushroom goes by so many names. And hardly any other looks so unusual: instead of a cap and gills, Hericium erinaceus forms a white fruiting body with long, hanging "spines." Yet, Hericium is not only visually striking. It is an edible mushroom, can be cultivated, and contains various compounds that are currently being scientifically studied. Here is a closer look at a mushroom that has now become known far beyond its original habitats. You can learn more about mushrooms, their structure, and their unique characteristics in our Vital Mushroom Guide. Hericium, lion's mane, or monkey head mushroom? They all refer to the same mushroom. Hericium erinaceus is its scientific name. In German-speaking countries, the term "Igelstachelbart" (hedgehog hedgehog-beard) is primarily used, but one also finds names like "monkey head mushroom" or "lion's mane." In English, it is known as "lion's mane," and in Japan as Yamabushitake. The descriptive names are no coincidence: with its numerous white, hanging spines, the fruiting body truly resembles a shaggy mane. A mushroom without the typical mushroom cap Anyone thinking of a mushroom in terms of a cap and a stalk will hardly recognize the Hericium at first glance. Its fruiting body is initially white to cream-colored and can reach a considerable size. Its surface is covered with numerous soft, downward-pointing spines where the spores are formed. As it ages, the fruiting body can turn yellowish to brownish. In nature, Hericium grows on deciduous trees, colonizing trees such as beech and oak. It can be found on older, damaged, or dead trees and wood. In Switzerland, the lion's mane mushroom is considered an endangered species of large fungus. Wild specimens are therefore something special and should be treated with appropriate respect. Edible mushroom Mild in taste with a fibrous texture. Deciduous wood dweller Colonizes beech, oak, and other trees. Cultivatable Today, it is specifically grown on suitable substrates. Fruiting body and mycelium: What is the difference? What we see as a mushroom in the case of Hericium is only a part of the entire organism. The conspicuous white fruiting body serves to produce and disperse spores. The actual fungal network—the mycelium—consists of fine fungal threads that grow within the respective substrate. This distinction is also interesting for processed mushroom products. Depending on the manufacturing process, fruiting bodies, mycelium, or extracts derived from them may be used. Therefore, it is worth looking at the label when comparing different products. How is Hericium cultivated? Hericium can be specifically cultivated. Suitable wood-based substrates serve as the foundation, upon which the mycelium first spreads. Under suitable conditions, the characteristic white fruiting bodies subsequently develop. Through cultivation, Hericium can be used as an edible mushroom and as a raw material for processed mushroom products, independent of rare wild occurrences. Why Hericium is also interesting in the kitchen In various Asian countries, Hericium has long been used as an edible mushroom. Cultivated fruiting bodies are now increasingly found outside of Asia as well. The interior of the mushroom has a delicate, slightly fibrous structure. Its taste is often described as mild and, due to its aroma and texture, is occasionally compared to seafood. Sliced or cut into pieces, Hericium can be pan-fried, for example, and used for vegetable dishes, pasta, or risotto. Mushrooms should generally not be eaten raw but cooked before consumption. What's inside Hericium? Like other mushrooms, Hericium contains various polysaccharides and other natural components. Polysaccharides include beta-glucans. In addition, numerous other constituents have been described. In connection with Hericium, one frequently encounters the terms hericenones and erinacines. Hericenones were isolated specifically from the fruiting bodies. Erinacines are another group of natural compounds that are predominantly formed and studied in the mycelium. Good to know: Fruiting bodies and mycelium are not the same and can differ in their composition. Processing and extraction also influence which components are contained in a mushroom product. Why is the scientific community interested in Hericium? Hericenones, erinacines, polysaccharides, and other components of Hericium are being scientifically studied. Researchers are investigating, among other things, their chemical properties and how individual isolated substances or mushroom extracts react in different experimental models. However, it is important to put this into perspective: A large portion of the findings regarding individual Hericium compounds comes from cell and animal studies. Clinical human data is also available, but the clinical evidence is significantly more limited than the preclinical research. Results from laboratory or animal experiments cannot be directly applied to the effects of a food or dietary supplement in humans. Therefore, scientific interest in a substance does not automatically imply a proven health benefit for a Hericium product. Conclusion Hericium erinaceus is extraordinary, if only for its appearance. The mushroom with the characteristic "lion's mane" is an edible fungus, can be cultivated, and has a diverse composition that is the subject of scientific research. Those purchasing Hericium as a processed product should not only look at the name of the mushroom. The question of whether fruiting bodies or mycelium were used and how the raw material was processed also helps in better evaluating such products. View HAWLIK Hericium products Frequently asked questions about Hericium Are Hericium and lion's mane the same thing? Yes. Lion's mane is the English name for Hericium erinaceus. In German, the mushroom is known as Igelstachelbart, among other names. Is Hericium an edible mushroom? Yes. The fruiting body of Hericium is used as an edible mushroom. It has a fibrous texture and a mild taste. Mushrooms should be cooked before consumption. What is the difference between a fruiting body and mycelium? The fruiting body is the visible part of the mushroom where spores are formed. The mycelium is the fine network of fungal threads that spreads throughout the substrate. Both can differ in their composition. What are hericenones and erinacines? Hericenones and erinacines are two groups of natural compounds found in Hericium that are currently being scientifically studied. Hericenones were isolated specifically from fruiting bodies, while erinacines are primarily found or formed in the mycelium. Is the effect of Hericium scientifically proven? Hericium and its individual components are being scientifically investigated. Much of the current knowledge comes from laboratory and animal studies. The results of such investigations cannot be directly applied to the health effects of food or dietary supplements in humans. Note: This article is for general information and clarification of terms. Information regarding mushroom species, ingredients, or scientific research does not constitute medical advice for the prevention, treatment, or cure of diseases. Dietary supplements are not a substitute for a varied, balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle. For specific products, the respective product information applies.

Eat less, move more – and the kilos should just disappear, right? Weight regulation doesn't work that simply. Body weight is influenced by numerous factors: diet and exercise as well as genetics, sleep, psychological and social factors, medication, illnesses, and our environment. Why is losing weight easier for some people than for others? Why does lost weight often return? And what should one make of crash diets, restrictions, and quick weight-loss promises? Body weight is more than a matter of willpower On a physical level, the energy balance plays a fundamental role: if more energy is supplied to the body over a longer period than it consumes, body weight can increase. Conversely, a negative energy balance is required for weight loss over a longer period. However, this does not explain why people eat different amounts, how strongly hunger and satiety are perceived, or how much energy someone consumes. Numerous biological and external influences are involved in these processes. Genetic factors, body composition, sleep, stress, mental health, medication, illnesses, physical activity, and the available food supply can influence weight development. Therefore, viewing body weight solely as a question of discipline or willpower falls short. Overweight and obesity are not simply the same thing In everyday life, the terms are often used interchangeably. Medically, however, a distinction is made. To roughly classify body weight, the Body Mass Index (BMI) is frequently used for adults. It puts body weight and body height into relation. However, the BMI is only a guideline. For example, it does not distinguish between fat and muscle mass and says little about where body fat is stored. For health assessments, other factors such as waist circumference, blood pressure, blood sugar, blood lipids, comorbidities, and the individual physical situation can therefore be relevant. Obesity is now understood as a complex chronic disease. It arises from the interaction of numerous biological, psychosocial, and environmental factors and can be associated with secondary health conditions. Why quick diets are so tempting "5 kilos in a week," "lose belly fat in 14 days," or a food that supposedly switches on fat burning: Quick promises seem attractive because they reduce a complex problem to a simple solution. With very severely restricted energy intake, the weight on the scale can indeed drop quickly. However, this does not exclusively result in the loss of body fat. Changes in water balance and a loss of fat-free body mass can also play a role. Furthermore, the more a form of nutrition restricts everyday life, the more difficult it can be to maintain it in the long term. After a short-term diet, many people return to previous habits – and the weight can rise again. Why the body sometimes wants lost weight back Weight gain after a diet is not simply a sign of a lack of discipline. Our body possesses regulatory mechanisms that can react to weight loss. As body weight decreases, energy requirements drop: a lighter body needs less energy. Additionally, hunger, satiety, and energy expenditure can change. These biological adjustments can contribute to making it harder to maintain a lower weight in the long term. This also explains why weight control is a long-term task for some people and why repeated weight gain after diets should not simply be judged as a personal failure. Does everything have to be forbidden when losing weight? A sustainable way of eating does not have to consist of a long list of forbidden foods. Much more important is the overall dietary pattern and the question of whether it fits into daily life and personal needs in the long term. Vegetables and fruits, whole-grain products, legumes, suitable protein sources, nuts and seeds, as well as plant oils can be parts of a balanced diet. Water and other unsweetened beverages are a good basis for everyday life. At the same time, it can make sense to be consciously aware of energy-dense foods and drinks in your everyday life. Drinks, in particular, can provide energy without contributing to satiety to the same extent as solid food. It is not crucial to eat "perfectly" every day. A way of eating that is permanently implementable is usually more helpful in the long term than a very strict short-term diet. Exercise is important – even if the scale doesn't react immediately Physical activity increases energy expenditure and has numerous health benefits. However, for significant weight loss, exercise alone is not enough for everyone. That does not make exercise unimportant at all. Regular activity supports, among other things, the heart and circulation, physical performance, and the maintenance of muscle mass. Strength training can help to preserve muscle as well as possible during weight loss. It is not just sports that count. Walking, cycling, climbing stairs, gardening, and other everyday movements also contribute to physical activity. Debunking weight loss myths "Anyone who really wants to can simply lose weight." Too simplistic. Behavior plays a role, but it is influenced by biological, psychological, social, and environmental factors. The body also reacts to weight loss with various adjustment mechanisms. "Carbohydrates make you fat." A single nutrient does not explain weight development. Decisive factors include long-term energy intake and the overall dietary pattern. Whole-grain products, legumes, vegetables, and fruits, for example, also provide carbohydrates and can be part of a balanced diet. "You shouldn't eat anything after 6 PM." There is no universal time after which food is automatically stored as body fat. While when you eat can influence appetite, eating habits, or sleep, the overall picture over a longer period is what counts for weight development. "Detox cures help with weight loss." There is no physiological basis for the idea that the body needs to be cleaned of accumulated "toxins" via special detox products. The liver, kidneys, intestines, and other organs constantly perform central tasks in metabolism and excretion. "The faster the kilos disappear, the more successful the diet." Speed on the scale says little about whether changes can be maintained long-term. What is decisive is whether diet, exercise, and other changes fit into everyday life permanently. The scale doesn't tell the whole story Those who want to change something for their health do not have to measure success exclusively in kilograms. Other developments can also be relevant: more physical activity, better endurance, more strength, better blood pressure or metabolic values, or more balanced eating behavior. Especially when weight changes slowly, such progress can help to not focus exclusively on a single number. Small changes can be a start Choose water instead of regular sweetened drinks Include vegetables and other plant-based foods more frequently Travel more by foot or bicycle Plan for regular strength training Be consciously aware of eating situations and portion sizes Ensure sufficient sleep and rest When lifestyle alone is not enough In the case of obesity, treatment does not necessarily consist only of diet and exercise. Depending on severity, comorbidities, and individual situation, different therapy components can be combined. These include nutritional counseling, exercise and behavioral therapy, and in certain situations, drug treatment. In cases of severe obesity, metabolic or bariatric surgery may also be considered. Which treatment is suitable should be judged individually by a medical professional. Weight-loss medications are not lifestyle products and should not be used without medical supervision. When professional support is sensible Professional support can be sensible if weight impairs health or quality of life, if comorbidities exist, or if repeated personal attempts do not work in the long term. A medical check-up can also help to take into account medications and illnesses that can influence body weight. Depending on the situation, general practitioners, nutritionists, exercise specialists, psychologists, and specialized obesity centers can be involved. ! When food and weight take up more and more space Strong fear of weight gain, recurring binge eating, extreme restriction of food intake, self-induced vomiting, or other compensatory behaviors can be signs of an eating disorder. In such situations, the focus should not be on another diet, but on professional assessment and support. Conclusion Body weight arises from a complex interaction of biological, psychological, social, and environmental factors. The simple formula "eat less and move more" therefore describes only part of reality. Sustainable weight management does not mean losing as many kilos as possible as quickly as possible. Decisive are changes that fit one's personal situation, make sense from a health perspective, and can last in the long term. Note: This article is for general information and does not replace medical or nutritional diagnosis, advice, or treatment. Weight management and the treatment of obesity should be adapted to the individual health situation. Weight-loss medications and surgical procedures require medical supervision. The content does not refer to HAWLIK products.  

The infection has passed, the surgery is behind you – and yet you still lack the strength for things that were once second nature. Many people are surprised at how long fatigue, weakness, or reduced stamina can last after an illness or a procedure. This phase of recovery is known as convalescence. But why does the body need time even after an illness when the acute symptoms have already disappeared? And how can you return to everyday life without overexerting yourself? Healthy – but not yet fit again Convalescence refers to the recovery phase following an illness, injury, or medical treatment. The acute phase of the illness may be over, while strength, endurance, and your usual performance capacity have not yet fully returned. It is impossible to say exactly how long this phase will last. An uncomplicated infection is different from pneumonia, a severe infection, or major surgery. Age, physical baseline, pre-existing conditions, diet, and the duration of any prior bed rest can also play a role. For this reason, there is no fixed point at which a person must be "back to normal" after an illness. Why are you often still so tired after an illness? During an illness or after surgery, the body is occupied with numerous tasks. Healing and repair processes require energy and nutrients. At the same time, many people move significantly less than usual while ill, eat less at times, or lose weight and muscle mass. After surgery, the effects of the procedure, pain, medication, sleep disturbances, and the physical strain of the treatment can also play a role. It is therefore not unusual for your usual level of performance to not return immediately. Exhaustion is not the same as laziness If you get tired more quickly after an illness, you don't simply need "more discipline." Your body may actually still need time to recover. At the same time, pronounced or increasing exhaustion should not automatically be attributed to convalescence – especially if it does not improve over a longer period. Just take it easy? Not necessarily In the past, long periods of rest were often recommended after illnesses and surgeries. Today, we know that physical activity – as soon as it is medically feasible – can also be an important part of recovery. Especially after surgery, early mobilization is often the goal. Getting up, taking short walks, and gradually increasing physical activity can help regain strength and independence. However, when and how much you can exert yourself depends on the procedure and your individual state of health. After an illness, your return to activity can also be gradual: first a short walk, later longer distances, and only then more intense exertion. The goal is not to reach your previous level as quickly as possible, but to adjust the strain to your own recovery. After major surgeries, severe illnesses, or if you have existing heart or lung conditions, the recommendations of your treating physicians and physiotherapists should take priority. Why muscle strength can be lost faster than expected Anyone who is sick or spends a lot of time lying down after surgery and moves significantly less puts less strain on their muscles than usual. Especially with prolonged immobility, muscle strength can be lost as a result. This can explain why everyday things suddenly seem exhausting after a severe illness: climbing stairs, grocery shopping, or a longer walk require more strength than before the illness. Physical activity and – if medically indicated – targeted training or physiotherapy can help with rebuilding. A gradual approach is usually more sensible than trying to make up for lost fitness within a few days. Eating can sometimes become a challenge during the recovery phase Illness and surgery can impair your appetite. Pain, nausea, medication, exhaustion, or a change in taste can lead to eating less for a time. At the same time, the body needs energy and nutrients during healing. Protein, in particular, provides the building blocks for muscles and other body tissues. Suitable sources of protein include dairy products, eggs, fish, meat, legumes, tofu, nuts, and seeds. If you have little appetite, smaller meals and snacks can be more pleasant than large portions. Anyone who has lost a significant amount of weight unintentionally during or after an illness, can barely eat, or has difficulty meeting their nutritional needs should address this medically or with a nutrition specialist. Dietary supplements, on the other hand, are not automatically part of convalescence. Whether targeted supplementation is useful depends on your diet, state of health, and any possible individual deficiency. Sleep, rest – and still become active again Recovery does not mean having to spend all day in bed. Sleep and rest are important, but at the same time, a gradual return to a normal daily rhythm can be helpful. Alternating between activity and rest can work better than an "all or nothing" approach: getting as much done as possible on a good day and being completely exhausted afterward. Anyone who notices that an activity consistently leads to a significant worsening of symptoms should adjust their exertion accordingly and seek medical advice for pronounced or unusual reactions. Step by step back into everyday life gradually increase physical activity plan breaks before exhaustion becomes too severe ensure sufficient energy and protein intake drink enough fluids, provided there is no medical reason not to support sleep and a consistent daily rhythm as much as possible follow the exercise guidelines provided by doctors or physiotherapists Recovery myths debunked "When the illness is over, I should be completely fit again." Not necessarily. Acute symptoms may have subsided even though strength and stamina have not yet fully returned. The duration of recovery depends heavily on the illness, treatment, and your personal baseline. "After surgery, you should avoid moving as much as possible for as long as possible." That is not generally true. For many surgeries, early, safe mobilization is now part of recovery. Which movements are allowed and when exertion can be increased, however, depends on the specific procedure. "The faster I start training again, the faster I'll be fit." More strain is not automatically better. After illnesses or surgeries, activity should be adapted to your health condition and increased gradually. Special recommendations apply to certain illnesses and procedures. "To recover, I automatically need vitamins or dietary supplements." No. Sufficient supply of energy and nutrients is important, but this does not automatically result in a need for dietary supplements. Targeted supplementation can be useful in certain situations and should be assessed individually. Mental recovery can also take time A serious illness, a hospital stay, or surgery can be burdensome not just physically. Some people feel less confident afterward, emotionally exhausted, or worry about getting sick again. Returning to work, family, and everyday life can also be exhausting at first. Support from relatives and your social circle can be helpful during this phase. If dejection, anxiety, or other psychological symptoms persist or significantly interfere with everyday life, professional support should be sought for this as well. When recovery isn't progressing Convalescence does not always follow a steady path. A worse day does not automatically mean something is wrong. The development over time is what counts. If your performance capacity does not return at all, the exhaustion is unusually severe, or new symptoms appear, you should not simply assume that the body "still needs some time." Depending on the situation, persistent illness, complications after a procedure, side effects of medication, anemia, nutritional problems, or other causes could be behind persistent symptoms. ! Do not simply attribute symptoms to the recovery phase Renewed or persistent fever, increasing pain, noticeable changes in a surgical wound, shortness of breath, chest pain, pronounced or increasing weakness, and significant unintended weight loss should be medically evaluated. In the event of severe or sudden symptoms, rapid medical clarification is necessary. Conclusion An illness can be over before the body feels fully capable of exertion again. Convalescence therefore does not mean simply "waiting," but finding a balance between recovery and an appropriate, gradual resumption of activity. Recovery has no fixed schedule. Movement, adequate nutrition, and rest can support your way back into everyday life – but the illness, the procedure, and individual medical guidelines are always the deciding factors. Frequently asked questions about recovery after illness or surgery What does convalescence mean? Convalescence refers to the recovery phase following an illness, injury, or medical treatment, during which strength and your usual stamina gradually return. Why am I still so tired after an illness? Healing processes, less movement, altered sleep, decreased appetite, and potential loss of muscle strength can contribute to performance capacity not returning immediately. Persistent or increasing exhaustion should, however, be clarified. How long does recovery after an illness take? There is no general answer. The duration depends on factors such as the type and severity of the illness or procedure, your physical baseline, and potential underlying conditions. Should you rest as much as possible after surgery? Not fundamentally. For many procedures, early, safe mobilization is recommended. Which activities are possible and when exertion may be increased is determined by the procedure and the instructions of the treatment team. What diet is useful during recovery? An adequate supply of energy, protein, and other nutrients supports normal body and repair processes. If you have little appetite, smaller meals can be helpful. In the case of significant weight loss or nutritional problems, individual advice is recommended. Do I need dietary supplements after an illness? Not automatically. Whether supplementation is useful depends on your individual diet, your health status, and any potential nutrient deficiency. When should persistent exhaustion be clarified? If exhaustion is very pronounced, does not gradually improve, becomes increasingly severe, or is accompanied by other symptoms, the cause should be medically evaluated. Note: This article is for general information purposes only and does not replace medical diagnosis, advice, rehabilitation, or treatment. How quickly and to what extent physical activity can be resumed after an illness or surgery depends on individual circumstances. Follow the recommendations of your treating specialists. The content does not refer to HAWLIK products.  

"My metabolism is just too slow." – hardly any term is used as frequently in relation to diet and body weight as metabolism. At the same time, teas, spices, fasting cures, or certain foods promise to "jump-start" it. But can the metabolism actually fall asleep? Do muscles burn more energy even while on the sofa? And are there foods that get our body to burn fat? Time to take a closer look at some metabolism myths. Metabolism is much more than burning calories Metabolism refers to the sum of all chemical processes in our body. Nutrients are absorbed, converted, built up, stored, or broken down. This is by no means just about body weight. Metabolic processes take place virtually everywhere: when cells provide energy, when proteins are built, when the liver processes substances, or when the body forms new cellular components. When people talk about a "fast" or "slow metabolism" in everyday life, however, they usually mean something else: How much energy does my body consume? Where do our calories actually go? Even if we were to spend an entire day on the sofa, our body would have a considerable energy requirement. After all, the heart, brain, breathing, circulation, body temperature, and numerous other processes keep running. Resting energy expenditure The largest portion is required for basic body functions – even when we are not physically active. Physical activity This includes exercise, but also walking, climbing stairs, housework, and all other movements of everyday life. Digestion Digesting, absorbing, and processing our food also requires energy. This effect is known as diet-induced thermogenesis. The total energy expenditure differs from person to person. Body size and body composition play a role, as do physical activity, age, biological factors, and various hormonal influences. Do some people really have a "slow metabolism"? People do indeed differ in how much energy they consume. However, a lower energy expenditure does not automatically mean that something is wrong with the metabolism. For example, a smaller body usually requires less energy than a larger one. Fat-free mass also influences resting energy expenditure. Two people can therefore have different energy requirements, even though both are healthy. An unusually low or high energy turnover can also have medical causes in certain cases. Thyroid hormones, for instance, are involved in regulating energy metabolism. An underactive thyroid can affect energy consumption – but it is not the explanation for every weight gain. Muscles and metabolism: what’s the story? Muscle tissue requires energy even at rest. People with more fat-free mass therefore generally have a higher resting energy expenditure. However, the effect of additional muscle mass is sometimes exaggerated. Strength training does not turn the body into a "calorie furnace" that suddenly burns huge amounts of energy. Nevertheless, strength training is useful: it helps build or maintain muscle mass and physical performance. Especially as we age, maintaining muscle mass becomes increasingly important. Everyday movement is often underestimated When thinking about energy consumption, many people first think of jogging, the gym, or other sports. But movement outside of training also counts. Shopping on foot, climbing stairs, cycling, gardening, or getting up throughout the day – all these activities require energy. How active we are in daily life can therefore have a significant impact on our total energy expenditure. Exercise is therefore not the only way to get more movement into your day. Regular everyday activity can make a significant difference. Can the body switch to "energy-saving mode" during a diet? The term "energy-saving mode" sounds more dramatic than it actually is. The metabolism does not simply switch off during a diet. However, energy expenditure can decrease during weight loss. One reason for this is simple: a lighter body requires less energy. At the same time, when losing weight, both fat mass and fat-free mass can be lost. In addition, the body can partially adapt to reduced energy intake and lower body weight. This phenomenon is known as adaptive thermogenesis or metabolic adaptation. This can contribute to weight loss slowing down after a while or reaching a plateau. However, it does not mean that the metabolism is "broken." Metabolism myths cleared up "Certain foods really boost the metabolism." Individual foods or ingredients can have a minor short-term impact on energy expenditure. However, this does not create a significant "turbo" effect for the metabolism. Body composition and physical activity are significantly more important for long-term energy consumption. "If you are overweight, you have a slow metabolism." That is not necessarily the case. Larger bodies generally require more energy to maintain than smaller ones. Body weight is also influenced by numerous biological, behavioral, and environmental factors. "Eating many small meals keeps the metabolism going." Eating more frequently does not automatically cause the body to consume significantly more energy throughout the day. How often someone eats can be tailored to personal preferences and needs. "After 6 PM, everything is stored as fat." The body does not have a metabolic clock that suddenly switches to fat storage at 6 PM. The long-term energy balance is essential for body weight. However, the timing and composition of meals can influence aspects such as sleep, appetite, and eating behavior. "A strict diet permanently ruins the metabolism." During weight loss, energy expenditure can drop, and the body can partially adapt to the changed situation. However, this does not mean that the metabolism is permanently "destroyed." Can you really jump-start your metabolism? The idea of a metabolism switch that you can turn to "fast" in the morning with a certain drink or food is tempting – but too simple. It makes much more sense to look at factors that can actually be influenced. Regular physical activity increases energy expenditure during movement. Strength training supports the maintenance and building of muscle mass. At the same time, a varied, balanced diet provides the body with the necessary nutrients. Getting enough sleep is also part of a health-conscious lifestyle. Lack of sleep can affect appetite, eating behavior, and physical performance – even if one shouldn't say that sleep simply "speeds up" the metabolism. What really counts in everyday life Move regularly – not just during exercise Maintain and build muscle mass through strength training Eat a varied and balanced diet Avoid extreme crash diets Get enough sleep and plan for recovery When a "slow metabolism" isn't the cause Weight and energy consumption are influenced by many factors. Nevertheless, significant changes can sometimes be a reason to take a closer look. Unexplained weight gain or loss should be medically clarified, especially if other symptoms appear. These can include, for example, pronounced fatigue, unusual sensitivity to cold or heat, heart palpitations, severe thirst, or other new symptoms. There can be very different reasons for this. Metabolic and hormonal diseases such as thyroid dysfunction or diabetes are among the possibilities – but they cannot be diagnosed by yourself based on individual symptoms. Conclusion Our metabolism is not an engine that we can speed up or slow down at will with a specific food. It comprises a complex network of processes that keeps our body alive 24/7. Anyone looking to influence their energy expenditure does not need a "metabolism booster." Regular exercise, maintaining muscle mass, and a balanced lifestyle are the much more sensible levers to pull. Frequently asked questions about metabolism What does metabolism mean? Metabolism refers to the sum of all chemical processes in the body in which substances are absorbed, converted, built up, stored, or broken down. This also includes the provision of energy. Is there really such a thing as a slow metabolism? People differ in their energy expenditure. Body size, body composition, activity, and other biological factors play a role. A comparatively low energy expenditure does not automatically mean that a disease is present. Can you jump-start the metabolism? There is no simple metabolic turbo. Physical activity increases energy expenditure, and muscle mass contributes to resting energy expenditure. Individual foods, on the other hand, do not have a large long-term effect on energy expenditure. Does a diet slow down the metabolism? When losing weight, energy requirements drop, partly because a lighter body requires less energy. In addition, there can be a certain metabolic adaptation. However, the metabolism is not simply "broken" by this. Do muscles burn more energy even at rest? Muscle tissue requires energy even at rest. More fat-free body mass is therefore associated with a higher resting energy expenditure. The additional energy expenditure from individual kilograms of muscle mass should not be overestimated, however. Does eating after 6 PM make you fat? There is no set time after which food is automatically stored as body fat. The long-term energy balance is decisive for weight development. The timing and composition of meals can still influence other aspects like appetite, eating behavior, and sleep. What role does the thyroid play in metabolism? Thyroid hormones are involved in the regulation of energy metabolism. An overactive or underactive thyroid can therefore affect energy consumption, among other things, and should be medically clarified and treated. Note: This post is for general information and does not replace medical or nutritional advice. Statements about food, nutrition, and lifestyle do not constitute claims regarding the prevention, treatment, or cure of diseases. In case of unexplained weight changes or persistent complaints, please consult a medical professional. The content does not refer to HAWLIK products.

A tickle in the throat, a runny nose – and suddenly, the cough begins. Most of the time, this is caused by a temporary respiratory infection. But a cough is not just annoying: it is an important protective reflex of our body and helps to keep the airways clear. Why do we cough in the first place? How do you distinguish between a cold, the flu, asthma, and COPD – and when is a cough no longer just a cough? Our airways have their own cleaning system With every breath, air travels through the nose and throat into the trachea, on into the bronchi, and finally into the alveoli. This is where the actual gas exchange takes place: oxygen enters the blood, and carbon dioxide is released into the exhaled air. At the same time, dust, particles, and pathogens also enter the airways with the air. The body has various protective mechanisms to counter this. A large part of the airways is lined with a mucous membrane. Mucus can trap inhaled particles, while tiny cilia help transport this material toward the throat. This interaction is known as mucociliary clearance. The nose is more than just an air passage When breathing through the nose, inhaled air is filtered, warmed, and humidified before it reaches the deeper sections of the airways. Thus, the nose and mucous membranes form an important part of our airways' natural protective barrier. Why do we actually have to cough? Initially, coughing is not a disease, but a protective reflex. If the airways are irritated, a powerful burst of air can help to remove mucus, foreign bodies, or other irritants from the airways. With a respiratory infection, a cough can initially be dry and irritating. As it progresses, more mucus may be produced. Even after other cold symptoms have subsided, the cough may persist for some time. Therefore, it is not just the number of days someone coughs that is decisive. The progression, accompanying symptoms, pre-existing conditions, and the question of whether the cough is gradually improving or getting worse are also important. Cold or flu? Not the same thing In everyday life, colds and the flu are often equated. Medically, however, they are different illnesses. A cold can be triggered by numerous different viruses. Typical symptoms include a runny nose, sore throat, and cough. Symptoms often develop rather gradually. A true flu – influenza – on the other hand, is caused by influenza viruses. It can start suddenly and be accompanied by fever, a pronounced feeling of illness, headaches and muscle aches, coughing, and other symptoms. COVID-19 and the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can also cause respiratory infections. Since the symptoms of various infections can overlap, it is not always possible to reliably determine which pathogen is behind them based on individual symptoms alone. When a cough does not come from a temporary infection Not every cough is a cold. Chronic respiratory diseases can also cause coughing and breathing difficulties. Asthma With asthma, the airways are chronically inflamed and hypersensitive. Symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath can occur intermittently. COPD In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the airways are permanently narrowed. Typical symptoms are coughing, phlegm, and increasing shortness of breath, especially during physical exertion. Allergic respiratory symptoms Allergies can cause sneezing, a runny or stuffy nose, and irritated airways, among other things. With allergic asthma, the bronchi can also be affected. Pneumonia and numerous other diseases can also be accompanied by a cough. Therefore, a cough that follows an unusual course, recurs repeatedly, or is accompanied by shortness of breath should not be dismissed over the long term as just a "cold cough." COPD often begins unremarkably Especially with COPD, symptoms often develop insidiously. A morning cough or phlegm is sometimes accepted for years as "smoker's cough." Later, shortness of breath during physical exertion may be added. Smoking is the most important risk factor for COPD, but not the only possible influence. Long-term exposure to harmful particles and gases can also play a role. Anyone who has a cough over a long period, regular phlegm, or increasingly gets out of breath when climbing stairs or walking quickly should have these symptoms medically examined. Spirometry – a lung function test – is an important examination for diagnosing COPD. What is good for our airways in everyday life One of the most important modifiable factors for lung health is a smoke-free daily life. Anyone who smokes benefits from quitting, regardless of how long they have been smoking. Regular physical activity supports general physical performance. If existing lung or heart diseases are present, the type and intensity of movement should be adjusted to the individual situation. With an uncomplicated respiratory infection, the focus is often on rest and sufficient fluid intake. Antibiotics, however, do not help against viruses and are therefore not automatically useful for a common viral respiratory infection. Respiratory infections: How to reduce transmission Many respiratory pathogens are transmitted via droplets and aerosols. Especially in indoor spaces where several people are present, the risk of transmission can be increased. Anyone with symptoms of a respiratory infection should reduce contacts as much as possible and stay at home. Regular ventilation reduces the concentration of potential pathogens in the indoor air. Coughing and sneezing into a paper tissue or the crook of the arm, as well as good hand hygiene, also help to reduce transmission. Depending on the personal situation, vaccinations can also play a role. In Switzerland, there are recommendations for vaccinations against influenza, COVID-19, and measures against RSV for certain groups of people. Which vaccinations are individually recommended depends on age, pregnancy, and health risk factors, among other things. Consideration for respiratory infections stay home if you have symptoms of illness ventilate indoor spaces well and regularly cough and sneeze into a tissue or the crook of your arm wash or disinfect hands regularly and thoroughly consider additional protective measures when in contact with particularly vulnerable people check personal vaccination recommendations Cough myths clarified "Green or yellow phlegm means I need antibiotics." Not automatically. The color of the phlegm alone does not reliably show whether a bacterial infection is present or if an antibiotic is required. The overall clinical picture and the progression are decisive. "A cough must be gone after a week." No. A cough can persist longer after a respiratory infection than a runny nose or sore throat. It is important whether it gradually improves and whether additional warning signs appear. "Smoker's cough is just part of smoking." Persistent coughing and phlegm should not be dismissed as a normal side effect of smoking. They can be signs of a chronic lung disease like COPD and should be investigated. "Antibiotics help with a cold faster." Common colds are caused by viruses. Antibiotics work against bacteria and are therefore not effective in an uncomplicated viral infection. When should a cough be investigated? Not every cough requires a visit to the doctor. However, if it lasts an unusually long time, gets stronger instead of better, or recurs repeatedly, the cause should be assessed medically. This is especially true if you also experience shortness of breath, a pronounced feeling of illness, persistent or high fever, chest pain, or blood in your phlegm. People with chronic heart or lung diseases as well as people with an increased risk of severe respiratory infections should also seek medical advice early if they have symptoms. ! Shortness of breath is a warning sign Severe or sudden shortness of breath, bluish or grayish discoloration of the lips or skin, impaired consciousness, or severe chest pain require immediate medical assessment. In an acute emergency situation in Switzerland, the emergency number is 144. Conclusion Coughing is, first and foremost, a useful protective mechanism of our airways. With a common respiratory infection, it usually disappears again – sometimes, however, later than the other symptoms. The progression is decisive: persistent or recurring cough, increasing shortness of breath, and other warning signs should not simply be dismissed as a cold. A smoke-free daily life, physical activity, sensible hygiene measures, and individually recommended vaccinations help to protect the airways and general health. Frequently asked questions about coughs and airways Why do we cough in the first place? Coughing is a protective reflex. It helps the body remove mucus, foreign bodies, and other irritants from the airways. What is the difference between a cold and the flu? Colds are caused by various viruses and often develop rather gradually. Influenza, on the other hand, can start suddenly with fever, severe malaise, headaches and muscle aches, as well as a cough. How long can a cough last after an infection? A cough can last longer than other cold symptoms and persist for some time after an infection. If it does not gradually get better, lasts an unusually long time, or warning signs are added, the cause should be medically clarified. Does yellow or green phlegm mean a bacterial infection? Not automatically. The color of the phlegm alone is not enough to distinguish between a viral and a bacterial infection or to decide on the necessity of an antibiotic. What are typical signs of COPD? Typical symptoms are persistent coughing, phlegm, and increasing shortness of breath, especially during physical exertion. A lung function test is part of the diagnosis. When is shortness of breath an emergency? Severe or sudden shortness of breath, especially together with impaired consciousness, bluish or grayish lips or skin, or severe chest pain, requires immediate medical help. Note: This article serves as general information and does not replace professional medical diagnosis, advice, or treatment. Coughs and breathing difficulties can have numerous causes. For persistent, severe, or newly occurring symptoms, please consult a medical professional. The content does not relate to HAWLIK products.

Menopause is not an illness, but a natural phase of life – and yet, for many women, it brings noticeable changes. Hormone production in the ovaries gradually decreases, and the body begins to adjust. This article explains the phases included in the menopause, what changes may occur, and when medical advice is recommended. The Phases of Menopause The menopause, medically referred to as the climacteric, usually begins between the ages of 45 and 55 and spans several years. Perimenopause The time around the final period. The cycle becomes irregular, and initial symptoms may occur. Menopause The point in time of the last menstrual period. It can only be determined retrospectively once twelve months have passed without any bleeding. Postmenopause The time after menopause. The body has adjusted to the new hormonal situation. Menopause can also occur earlier, for example, after the surgical removal of the ovaries or due to certain medical treatments. What changes in the body? Above all, the production of the hormones estrogen and progesterone decreases. This can manifest itself in different ways. Frequently mentioned symptoms include hot flashes and night sweats, sleep problems, mood swings, dryness of the mucous membranes, joint discomfort, as well as changes to skin and hair. The severity of these symptoms is highly individual: some women hardly notice anything, while others find the transition distressing. In the long term, falling estrogen levels can also affect bone density and the cardiovascular system. Therefore, medical check-ups are often recommended during this phase of life. Everyday Tips Many women find regular exercise pleasant – both endurance and strength training, which are also considered important for muscles and bones. A varied, balanced diet with sufficient calcium, for example from dairy products or calcium-rich mineral water, is part of a health-conscious lifestyle. Conscious breaks, relaxation exercises, or time for oneself are often described as helpful for dealing with changes with more composure. Sharing experiences with other women in a similar life phase can also be a source of relief. In brief Exercise, a balanced diet, and intentional rest are considered a good foundation for this life phase – in addition to medical advice. Medical advice and treatment options If symptoms significantly affect your daily life or sleep, it is advisable to speak with your gynecologist. There are various treatment options, both hormonal and non-hormonal. Which one is appropriate depends on your personal situation, medical history, and potential risks. ! Please seek medical evaluation Bleeding that occurs again after menopause, as well as very heavy or unusual bleeding during perimenopause, should always be examined by a doctor. Conclusion Menopause is a natural phase of life that progresses very differently from woman to woman. Those who understand the changes, take good care of themselves, and seek medical advice for distressing symptoms can actively navigate this phase. Frequently Asked Questions about Menopause When does menopause begin? Usually between the ages of 45 and 55. The exact timing is individual. When is it referred to as menopause? Menopause is the time of the last menstrual period. It is confirmed in retrospect once twelve months have passed without any bleeding. How long does menopause last? The transition phase usually spans several years. Duration and symptoms vary greatly. When should I seek medical advice? When symptoms significantly affect daily life, and always in the case of bleeding after menopause or unusually heavy bleeding. Note: This article is for general information purposes only and does not replace professional medical diagnosis, advice, or treatment. If you have symptoms, please consult your doctor. The content does not refer to HAWLIK products.

Hard to get going in the morning, tired and unfocused during the day – and when you stand up quickly, everything suddenly goes black. Anyone with relatively low blood pressure readings may be familiar with several of these complaints. In fact, fatigue, weakness, and dizziness can occur in conjunction with low blood pressure. But is low blood pressure really the reason for the fatigue? Why do you get dizzy when you stand up – and when should you take a closer look? The decisive factor is not just the number on the blood pressure monitor, but the overall pattern of symptoms. Low blood pressure: A number alone says little Blood pressure is indicated by two values. The upper, systolic value describes the pressure during the heart's ejection phase. The lower, diastolic value refers to the relaxation and filling phase between heartbeats. Low blood pressure – medically known as hypotension – is often defined as values below approximately 90/60 mmHg. However, a single number does not determine whether there is a health problem. Some people have naturally low readings and feel perfectly fine. Low blood pressure becomes relevant primarily when symptoms such as dizziness, weakness, lightheadedness, or feelings of fainting occur, when the values are suddenly significantly lower than usual, or when there is an underlying cause. Can low blood pressure make you tired? Yes, fatigue and a feeling of weakness can occur along with low blood pressure. Some people affected feel they have low energy, have a hard time getting going in the morning, or struggle to concentrate. At the same time, dizziness, lightheadedness, or an unsteady feeling upon standing can occur. However, the connection is not so simple that a low measurement automatically causes fatigue. Blood pressure and circulatory regulation are only possible factors – and people with similarly low blood pressure readings can feel completely different. Tired and low blood pressure? Don't assume a connection too quickly Fatigue is a very non-specific symptom. Sleep deprivation, stress, infections, anemia or iron deficiency, thyroid disorders, medications, and numerous other factors can also play a role. Persistent or unusually severe fatigue should therefore not be explained by low blood pressure alone. Why does everything sometimes go black when we stand up? Disrupted circulatory regulation is sometimes particularly evident when standing up. When moving from a lying or sitting position to a standing one, gravity temporarily shifts blood toward the legs and abdominal cavity. Normally, the body reacts within a very short time: the blood vessels constrict, and the heart and circulation adapt to stabilize blood pressure and ensure the brain continues to be sufficiently supplied with blood. If this adjustment does not work quickly enough, blood pressure can drop significantly upon standing. Possible consequences include dizziness, lightheadedness, blurred or darkening vision, weakness – and sometimes fainting. What is orthostatic hypotension? Classical orthostatic hypotension is defined as a drop in systolic blood pressure of at least 20 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure of at least 10 mmHg within three minutes of standing up. The crucial factor here is the change in posture, not just a fundamentally low baseline value. Why fatigue and circulatory symptoms sometimes occur together Those suffering from circulatory complaints often describe more than just a fleeting moment of dizziness. Weakness, lightheadedness, and impaired concentration can also be part of the clinical picture. Such symptoms can be noticeable, for example, in the morning after getting up, during prolonged standing, in the heat, or if one has not drunk enough fluids. Heat dilates blood vessels, while fluid deficiency can reduce the circulating blood volume. Both can promote circulatory complaints. Therefore, it is worthwhile to take a closer look at recurring fatigue: Does it occur together with dizziness, lightheadedness, or symptoms upon standing? Or does the exhaustion exist independently throughout the day? Such observations can be helpful for a medical assessment. Low blood pressure can have different causes Some people consistently have rather low blood pressure values without an underlying disease. However, low blood pressure can also occur temporarily or as a result of other factors. Fluid deficiency Too little fluid intake or significant fluid loss – for example, through heavy sweating, vomiting, or diarrhea – can cause blood pressure to drop and simultaneously cause weakness. Medications Various medications can affect blood pressure. These include certain antihypertensives and diuretics. Diseases Among others, cardiovascular diseases, hormonal or metabolic diseases, or disorders of the autonomic nervous system can be associated with low blood pressure. Blood loss and certain acute illnesses can also lead to a drop in blood pressure. A sudden onset of low blood pressure should therefore be evaluated differently than permanently low values in a person who otherwise feels well. What can help in everyday life Anyone who has symptoms primarily in the morning or when standing up can give their circulation a little more time: first move from lying to sitting, stay on the edge of the bed for a moment, and only then stand up slowly. Adequate fluid intake is also important, provided there are no medical reasons against it. This should be paid particular attention to, especially in warm weather or during heavy sweating. Furthermore, regular physical activity generally supports the cardiovascular system. If dizziness or weakness signals occur after prolonged standing, certain muscle maneuvers can temporarily support circulation. These include, for example, vigorously tensing the leg and gluteal muscles or crossing and tensing the legs. Circulation-conscious through everyday life Get up slowly in the morning and after sitting for a long time Ensure adequate fluid intake Avoid standing still for long periods whenever possible Integrate regular exercise into daily life Tense leg and gluteal muscles at the first sign of symptoms Pay extra attention to fluid intake and circulatory symptoms in heat Never change or discontinue medications on your own Coffee, salt & co.: What is really true? Especially when you feel tired and have a weak circulation, it is tempting to reach for coffee or particularly salty foods. However, the well-known circulation tips are not equally suitable for everyone. "Low blood pressure is always the reason for fatigue." No. Fatigue and weakness can occur together with low blood pressure, but have numerous potential causes. Especially in the case of prolonged or severe fatigue, blood pressure should therefore not be blamed alone. "Low blood pressure is always harmless." Persistently low values without symptoms are often unproblematic. A sudden drop in blood pressure, repeated fainting spells, or low blood pressure combined with other symptoms, however, can indicate an underlying cause requiring treatment. "With low blood pressure, you should just eat more salt." This is not recommended as a blanket rule. Higher salt intake can affect blood pressure but is not suitable for everyone – for example, in cases of certain heart or kidney diseases or co-existing high blood pressure. A targeted increase should therefore be discussed with a doctor. "Coffee dispels fatigue and solves the circulatory problem." Caffeine can temporarily make you more alert and can also affect blood pressure. However, this does not clarify the cause of persistent fatigue nor the cause of recurring circulatory complaints. Tired despite sufficient sleep? Then a closer look is worthwhile Anyone who feels unusually tired or exhausted over a longer period should not automatically assume a "weak circulation." Especially if the fatigue persists even after sufficient sleep, becomes increasingly severe, or significantly impairs performance, other causes may play a role. During a medical examination, depending on the situation, sleep, medications, diet, and other complaints may be considered in addition to blood pressure and pulse. Whether laboratory tests are useful is decided based on the individual's pattern of symptoms. It can be helpful to observe for a few days when fatigue and circulatory symptoms occur: immediately after getting up, in the heat, after standing for a long time, after meals, or independently of such situations. This information can help in better categorizing the complaints. When should low blood pressure be investigated? Recurring dizziness, feelings of fainting, or actual loss of consciousness should not be explained by a "weak circulation" alone. Persistent severe fatigue also deserves an investigation, especially if it occurs for the first time or is accompanied by other symptoms. During the examination, blood pressure and pulse in lying and standing positions, medications taken, and possible underlying diseases can be considered. ! Take acute warning signs seriously Loss of consciousness, chest pain, severe shortness of breath, or serious or sudden symptoms occurring with a significant drop in blood pressure require prompt medical assessment. In an acute emergency in Switzerland, call the emergency number 144. Conclusion Low blood pressure can manifest itself not only through dizziness when standing up. Fatigue, weakness, lightheadedness, and concentration problems can also occur along with circulatory complaints. A low blood pressure reading does not, however, automatically explain fatigue. Anyone who feels unusually tired over the long term or suffers from repeated dizziness, feelings of fainting, or other symptoms should therefore search more closely for the cause and have it checked medically if necessary. Frequently asked questions about low blood pressure and fatigue Can low blood pressure make you tired? Low blood pressure can be accompanied by fatigue, weakness, and concentration problems, especially if dizziness or symptoms upon standing also occur. However, fatigue has many potential causes and should not automatically be attributed to blood pressure if it persists over a long period. At what point is blood pressure too low? Values below approximately 90/60 mmHg are often referred to as low blood pressure. The decisive factor, however, is not only the measurement result but also whether symptoms occur and what the underlying cause is. Why am I tired in the morning and dizzy when I stand up? When standing up, the circulation must quickly adapt to the upright body position. If blood pressure drops significantly in the process, dizziness, weakness, or darkening vision can occur. Morning fatigue can coexist, but also has numerous other potential causes. What is orthostatic hypotension? This is when blood pressure drops significantly upon shifting to an upright body position. Classical orthostatic hypotension is defined as a drop of at least 20 mmHg systolic or 10 mmHg diastolic within three minutes of standing up. Does coffee help with low blood pressure and fatigue? Caffeine can temporarily make you feel more alert and affect blood pressure. However, in the case of persistent fatigue or recurring circulatory problems, coffee is not a substitute for determining the underlying cause. Should I eat more salt if I have low blood pressure? Not necessarily. A higher salt intake can affect blood pressure, but it is not suitable for everyone. A targeted increase should therefore be discussed with a medical professional. When should fatigue be medically evaluated? If fatigue lasts for a long time, is unusually pronounced, significantly impairs your ability to function, or occurs in conjunction with recurring dizziness, fainting, or other new symptoms, a medical evaluation is advisable. Note: This article is for general information purposes only and does not replace professional medical diagnosis, advice, or treatment. Low blood pressure and fatigue can have various causes. In the case of persistent, severe, or newly emerging symptoms, please consult a medical professional. The content does not refer to HAWLIK products.

Well-rested yet tired, constantly feeling cold, or suddenly having less stamina – sometimes the thyroid is behind such symptoms. One potential cause of an underactive thyroid is Hashimoto's thyroiditis. However, fatigue does not automatically mean Hashimoto's – and Hashimoto's does not automatically mean an underactive thyroid. What happens with this autoimmune disease, what role do TSH and thyroid hormones play, and what should one make of iodine, selenium, or special "Hashimoto diets"? Hashimoto's: When the immune system turns against the thyroid Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease of the thyroid gland. In this condition, the immune system targets components of one's own thyroid tissue. This leads to chronic inflammation, which can damage the tissue over time. The result can be an underactive thyroid – known as hypothyroidism. However, this does not happen to everyone immediately. Some people have Hashimoto's and maintain normal thyroid levels for a long time. An underactive state only develops once the thyroid can no longer provide sufficient hormones. Women are significantly more affected than men. A familial clustering of thyroid and other autoimmune diseases is also known. A small gland with a big impact The butterfly-shaped thyroid gland is located at the front of the neck and primarily produces the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These influence numerous bodily processes – including energy metabolism, the heart and circulatory system, body temperature, digestion, and the nervous system. The thyroid is regulated, among other things, by the hormone TSH, which is produced in the pituitary gland. In simple terms, the thyroid receives the signal via TSH to produce thyroid hormones. TSH A regulatory hormone from the pituitary gland. In primary hypothyroidism, the TSH level typically rises. T4 Thyroxine is the most abundant thyroid hormone released by the thyroid gland and serves, among other things, as a precursor for T3. T3 Triiodothyronine is the biologically most active form of thyroid hormone and is largely produced by the conversion of T4. Why can an underactive thyroid make you so tired? Thyroid hormones influence energy metabolism and numerous other bodily functions. If too few thyroid hormones are provided due to an underactive state, various processes slow down. Fatigue and reduced performance are therefore among the possible symptoms of an underactive thyroid. Some affected individuals describe feeling exhausted despite sufficient sleep, having trouble getting going in the morning, or finding it harder to concentrate. Often, other symptoms occur simultaneously. These can include sensitivity to cold, dry skin, constipation, weight gain, concentration or memory problems, muscle and joint discomfort, changes in hair, or a depressed mood. Fatigue alone does not mean a thyroid disorder Fatigue is one of the most common and non-specific symptoms there is. Lack of sleep, stress, infections, anemia, medication, and numerous other factors can also be behind it. Therefore, it is not possible to determine if the thyroid plays a role based on fatigue alone. Hashimoto's and an underactive thyroid are not the same The terms are often used interchangeably in everyday life, but they describe two different things: Hashimoto's refers to the autoimmune disease, while hypothyroidism describes the reduced function of the thyroid gland. A person can have Hashimoto's even if the thyroid still produces enough hormones. In this stage, TSH and free thyroid hormones can still be within the normal range. Only when hormone production is no longer sufficient does an underactive state develop. Therefore, treatment is not based solely on whether thyroid antibodies are present, but primarily on the actual thyroid function and the individual situation. How is Hashimoto's diagnosed? The diagnosis is based on several pieces of information. In addition to symptoms and medical history, blood tests play a primary role. TSH and free T4 (fT4) are particularly important because they provide information about thyroid function. Additionally, thyroid antibodies can be determined. Typical for Hashimoto's are, in particular, antibodies against thyroid peroxidase, known as TPO antibodies. Thyroglobulin antibodies can also occur. An ultrasound scan can provide supplementary information about the size and structure of the thyroid and make typical changes visible. However, it is not always necessary to diagnose Hashimoto's. It is also important to note: The level of antibodies does not directly indicate how well or poorly the thyroid is currently working. TSH and fT4 are particularly decisive for assessing thyroid function. What happens after diagnosis? If thyroid antibodies are detectable but thyroid values are normal, treatment with thyroid hormones is not automatically required. Instead, it may be sensible to monitor thyroid function over time. If, on the other hand, an underactive state requiring treatment has developed, levothyroxine (L-thyroxine) is generally used. It corresponds to the thyroid hormone T4 and replaces the hormone that the thyroid can no longer provide in sufficient quantities. The required dose is individual. After starting treatment or changing a dose, thyroid values are therefore monitored and the dosage is adjusted as needed. Iodine, selenium, and "Hashimoto diets": What is really true? There is a lot of dietary advice circulating regarding Hashimoto's. The impression is often given that individual foods or dietary supplements can specifically influence or even reverse the autoimmune disease. There is no simple, universal solution for this. "You must completely avoid iodine with Hashimoto's." This is not generally true. Iodine is an essential component of thyroid hormones and is needed by the body. However, very high amounts of iodine can be problematic. In particular, high-dose iodine supplements should not be taken with Hashimoto's without medical consultation. "Selenium is automatically part of Hashimoto treatment." No. Selenium is an essential trace element and is involved in normal thyroid functions. However, it does not follow that people with Hashimoto's generally need a selenium supplement. Supplementation should not be done routinely and, in particular, not in high doses on one's own initiative. "You must eat gluten-free with Hashimoto's." There is no general recommendation for a gluten-free diet for all people with Hashimoto's. The situation is different if celiac disease has been diagnosed: in that case, a gluten-free diet is medically necessary. "High antibodies automatically mean severe hypothyroidism." No. Thyroid antibodies support the diagnosis of autoimmune thyroiditis but do not directly indicate how much thyroid hormone is currently being produced. TSH and fT4 are assessed for this. Nutrition: Normal instead of as complicated as possible There is no special diet that has been proven to cure Hashimoto's. For everyday life, the focus should be on a varied and balanced diet. Individual nutrients like iodine and selenium have normal functions in relation to the thyroid. However, this does not mean that additional intake automatically provides a benefit in Hashimoto's. Dietary supplements should not be combined indiscriminately, especially if a thyroid condition exists. If a nutrient deficiency is suspected, it can be medically assessed whether targeted examination or supplementation is sensible. Levothyroxine: How you take it also matters Those taking levothyroxine should follow the medical or pharmaceutical instructions for intake. Certain foods, drinks, medications, and dietary supplements can influence how well the thyroid hormone is absorbed. These include, for example, preparations with calcium or iron. Therefore, a time interval before or after taking levothyroxine may be necessary. Taking it with food can also influence absorption. However, your own medication should not be changed based on general internet recommendations. If you are unsure about how to take it or about potential interactions, your doctor's office or pharmacy can provide individual advice. Desire for children and pregnancy: Keep a close eye on the thyroid Thyroid hormones play an important role during pregnancy. At the same time, the requirement for thyroid hormone can change. Anyone who has Hashimoto's and would like to become pregnant should discuss their thyroid values with their attending specialist while planning for pregnancy. During pregnancy, regular check-ups are particularly important, and if a levothyroxine therapy is already in place, a dose adjustment may be necessary. ! Discuss iodine during pregnancy individually Iodine requirements change during pregnancy and breastfeeding. At the same time, an existing autoimmune thyroid disease requires an individual assessment. Therefore, do not discontinue or supplement high-dose iodine preparations on your own; instead, discuss appropriate care with your attending specialist. Tired despite a well-adjusted thyroid? One point is important, especially regarding fatigue: If symptoms persist even though thyroid values are well-adjusted, it does not automatically mean that more thyroid hormone is needed. Fatigue, concentration problems, weight fluctuations, or a depressed mood are not specific to Hashimoto's. Therefore, it may be sensible to consider other possible causes together with a medical professional, rather than changing thyroid medication on your own. Conclusion Hashimoto's is an autoimmune disease of the thyroid that can lead to an underactive state over time – but it does not necessarily lead to one from the beginning. Fatigue, feeling cold, and weight gain can occur with an underactive thyroid, but they are not proof of a thyroid disorder in and of themselves. A careful diagnosis, an assessment of actual thyroid function, and – if necessary – individually adjusted treatment with regular check-ups are decisive. Frequently asked questions about Hashimoto's Can Hashimoto's cause fatigue? If Hashimoto's leads to an underactive thyroid, fatigue, reduced performance, and concentration problems can occur. However, fatigue has many possible causes, and it cannot be used to reach a diagnosis on its own. Does Hashimoto's automatically mean an underactive thyroid? No. With Hashimoto's, thyroid function can initially be normal. Over time, an underactive state can develop due to damage to the thyroid tissue. How is Hashimoto's diagnosed? Assessment includes medical history, examination, and blood values. TSH and fT4 are particularly important, as well as potential thyroid antibodies such as TPO antibodies. An ultrasound scan can be a useful supplement. Must Hashimoto's always be treated with thyroid hormones? No. If thyroid antibodies are present but thyroid values are normal, treatment with thyroid hormone is not automatically required. For an underactive state that requires treatment, levothyroxine is generally used. Should one avoid iodine with Hashimoto's? Iodine does not have to be fundamentally eliminated from the diet. However, very high iodine amounts and high-dose iodine preparations can be problematic in autoimmune thyroid diseases. Therefore, dietary supplements should be discussed with a medical professional. Does selenium help with Hashimoto's? Selenium has normal functions in the body and contributes to normal thyroid function. However, it does not follow that a selenium supplement is generally required for Hashimoto's. Supplementation should be assessed individually. Must one eat gluten-free with Hashimoto's? There is no general recommendation for a gluten-free diet for all people with Hashimoto's. In the case of a diagnosed celiac disease, however, a gluten-free diet is necessary. Note: This article is for general information and does not replace medical diagnosis, advice, or treatment. Thyroid disorders as well as the intake of thyroid hormones, iodine, or dietary supplements should be discussed individually with a medical professional. The contents do not refer to HAWLIK products.  

Pain in many parts of the body, accompanied by exhaustion, poor sleep, and concentration problems – fibromyalgia can involve a wide variety of different symptoms. At the same time, there is no single blood test or X-ray that can definitively confirm fibromyalgia syndrome. What is behind this condition? Why can the diagnosis be difficult – and why do movement, knowledge about the condition, and an individually tailored approach to managing symptoms play such an important role? Fibromyalgia is more than muscle pain The term fibromyalgia literally means something like "muscle fiber pain." However, the clinical picture goes far beyond that. The focus is on chronic, widespread pain in several regions of the body, which is frequently accompanied by other symptoms. Besides the pain, persistent exhaustion, non-restorative sleep, and concentration or memory problems are particularly typical. Some patients describe the latter as "fibro fog" – the feeling of being less mentally clear or less focused. Widespread pain Pain can occur in different regions of the body and fluctuate in its intensity and location. Exhaustion Many patients report marked physical and mental tiredness or fatigue. Sleep & concentration Non-restorative sleep as well as difficulties with concentration and attention are often part of the clinical profile. Furthermore, symptoms can include headaches, digestive issues, dizziness, or increased sensitivity to touch, light, noise, and other stimuli. Which symptoms occur and how severe they are varies from person to person. When pain is processed differently The exact cause of fibromyalgia is not yet fully understood. Research is looking into, among other things, changes in the processing of pain and stimuli within the nervous system. The focus is on examining why stimuli may be perceived differently or more intensely by those affected. There is presumably no single trigger. Instead, the interplay of various biological and psychosocial factors is being discussed. A family or genetic predisposition is also being investigated. It is important to note: Fibromyalgia should not be equated with a classic inflammatory joint or muscle disease. Standard laboratory or imaging tests therefore often show no changes that could explain the severity of the symptoms. What fibromyalgia is not Precisely because the condition cannot be proven with a single laboratory value or X-ray, misunderstandings still surround fibromyalgia. "If blood values and X-rays are normal, there is no disease." This is not correct. There is no single specific laboratory or imaging finding for fibromyalgia. The diagnosis is based on the typical clinical picture and a medical assessment. At the same time, tests can be important to detect other or additional conditions. "Fibromyalgia is an inflammatory form of rheumatism." Fibromyalgia is traditionally often treated in a rheumatological setting, but it is not a classic inflammatory rheumatic disease. Inflamed or structurally damaged joints do not explain the typical fibromyalgia syndrome. "The symptoms are only psychological." No. Fibromyalgia is not a purely psychological condition. As with other chronic pain conditions, psychological stress can influence symptoms and how one deals with them. However, that does not mean the pain is imagined. "Those who have pain should move as little as possible." Permanent avoidance of activity is generally not the goal in fibromyalgia. Adapted physical activity and training are among the important non-pharmacological treatment approaches. It is crucial to adjust the intensity and scope to individual tolerance levels. How is fibromyalgia determined? There is no single test that definitively confirms fibromyalgia. For the diagnosis, the distribution of pain and typical accompanying symptoms such as exhaustion, sleep problems, and concentration difficulties are systematically recorded. Standardized criteria and questionnaires can be used for this. Internationally used instruments include the Widespread Pain Index (WPI), which records the distribution of pain, and the Symptom Severity Scale (SSS), which is used to assess the severity of major accompanying symptoms. At the same time, a detailed medical history and physical examination are part of the assessment. Depending on the symptoms, laboratory tests or other examinations may also be useful to identify other conditions that could cause similar complaints. Not a pure diagnosis of exclusion Nowadays, fibromyalgia is no longer diagnosed solely on the principle that every other disease must first be excluded. Other diseases can coexist. A careful medical assessment of the entire clinical picture is therefore decisive. Treatment: Usually requires several components There is no one treatment that works equally well for everyone with fibromyalgia. Therefore, the therapy is individually adapted to the symptoms, personal situation, and own goals. An important foundation is first to better understand the condition and how to cope with chronic pain. This education can help in categorizing symptoms and, together with specialists, setting realistic treatment goals. Adapted physical activity is one of the central non-pharmacological approaches. Regular endurance training can be used just as effectively as strength training or exercise in water. It is important to find a level that fits individual tolerance and is built up gradually if necessary. Depending on the situation, psychological methods—particularly behavioral therapy approaches—as well as relaxation and stress management techniques can also be part of the treatment. This is not about explaining the symptoms as "psychological," but about developing strategies for dealing with chronic pain, burdens, and their effects on everyday life. Medications can also be used for certain symptoms. Which treatment is appropriate must be decided individually by a physician. Drug therapy is usually just one possible component of a comprehensive treatment concept. Finding your own balance between activity and rest Fibromyalgia can run a different course from day to day. Trying to catch up on everything on good days and then being exhausted for a long time afterward can further complicate everyday life. The so-called pacing involves managing activities and rest periods more consciously and taking personal capacity into account. This does not mean avoiding activity in principle. Rather, the goal is to find a sustainable way to handle available energy. A symptom or pain diary can also be helpful at times to better recognize the correlations between activity, sleep, stressors, and symptoms. The goal is not to control every fluctuation, but to make patterns visible that can be helpful for individual treatment. When new symptoms arise An existing fibromyalgia diagnosis does not mean that every new symptom is automatically caused by it. People with fibromyalgia can also develop other conditions. ! Have new or unusual symptoms checked Newly occurring joint swelling, fever, unexplained weight loss, significant muscle weakness, or new neurological symptoms should not be hastily attributed to fibromyalgia but should be evaluated medically. Conclusion Fibromyalgia is a complex chronic pain syndrome in which exhaustion, sleep disorders, and concentration problems often occur in addition to widespread pain. The fact that the symptoms cannot be explained by a single laboratory value or X-ray does not make them any less real. A careful diagnosis, knowledge about the condition, and an individually tailored treatment concept with various building blocks can help to better manage the symptoms and improve quality of life. Frequently asked questions about fibromyalgia Is fibromyalgia a rheumatic disease? Fibromyalgia is traditionally often categorized and treated in a rheumatological setting, but it is not a classic inflammatory rheumatic disease. The focus is on chronic pain and other complaints such as exhaustion, sleep, and concentration problems. Can fibromyalgia be detected in the blood? No. There is currently no specific blood test that definitively confirms fibromyalgia. However, laboratory tests can be important depending on the situation to find indications of other conditions. Is fibromyalgia a mental illness? No. Fibromyalgia is not a purely psychological condition. Nevertheless, psychological and social factors can play a role in chronic pain and influence how symptoms are managed. Is exercise useful for fibromyalgia? Adapted physical activity and training are among the important non-pharmacological treatment approaches. The type, intensity, and scope should be adjusted to individual tolerance and, if necessary, coordinated with medical or physiotherapeutic specialists. Is fibromyalgia curable? There is currently no causative cure available. However, various treatment approaches can help to alleviate symptoms, improve coping with the condition, and support quality of life. Can other conditions exist alongside fibromyalgia? Yes. Fibromyalgia can occur simultaneously with other conditions. New or unusual symptoms should therefore not automatically be attributed to fibromyalgia. Note: This article is for general information and does not replace a medical diagnosis, advice, or treatment. Fibromyalgia and other chronic pain syndromes should be medically evaluated and treated individually. The content does not refer to HAWLIK products.  

We only need them in tiny amounts – and yet, without them, many things in the body do not run smoothly. Vitamins, minerals, and trace elements are involved in numerous normal bodily functions. Our body requires significantly less of these than it does of carbohydrates, fats, or proteins. That is why they are called micronutrients. But do you need dietary supplements for them? Can you even overdose on vitamins? And is more automatically better? A look at micronutrients shows why a needs-based supply is what matters most. Micronutrients: small in quantity, diverse in their tasks Unlike carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, micronutrients do not provide energy. Nevertheless, the body needs them for numerous metabolic processes and normal bodily functions. Vitamins Organic compounds that the body cannot produce itself, or cannot always produce in sufficient quantities. A distinction is made between fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K and water-soluble vitamins such as vitamin C and B vitamins. Minerals Inorganic nutrients. Macro-minerals include, for example, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium. Trace elements Minerals that the body only needs in comparatively small amounts. These include, for example, iron, zinc, iodine, and selenium. How much of a specific micronutrient we need is not the same for everyone. Age and life stage play a role, as does pregnancy, for example. Swiss reference values therefore serve as a guideline for the nutrient intake of various population groups. Six micronutrients examined in more detail Each micronutrient performs its own tasks. The following examples show how varied these can be – and that foods often provide several nutrients at the same time. Vitamin D Contributes to the maintenance of normal bones and the normal function of the immune system. Vitamin D can be produced in the skin under the influence of UVB radiation. Foods usually only provide limited amounts; sources include, among others, fatty fish, egg yolk, and certain mushrooms. Vitamin B12 Contributes to the normal formation of red blood cells and the normal function of the nervous system. Vitamin B12 occurs naturally primarily in foods of animal origin. Vitamin C Contributes to the normal function of the immune system. Good food sources are various types of vegetables and fruits, for example, bell peppers, berries, cabbage, or citrus fruits. Iron Contributes to the normal formation of red blood cells and hemoglobin as well as normal oxygen transport in the body. Iron is found, for example, in meat, legumes, and whole-grain products. Magnesium Contributes, among other things, to normal muscle function and to the reduction of tiredness and fatigue. Magnesium is contained, for example, in nuts, seeds, whole-grain products, and legumes. Iodine Contributes to normal thyroid hormone production and normal thyroid function. In Switzerland, iodized table salt plays an important role in iodine intake. How to bring variety to the plate? For healthy adults, a varied and balanced diet is the foundation of micronutrient supply. It is less about seeking out individual supposed "superfoods" than it is about regularly combining different food groups. The Swiss dietary recommendations and the food pyramid provide orientation. Vegetables and fruits, whole-grain products, potatoes, legumes, nuts and seeds, as well as other protein sources and vegetable oils all contribute to a diverse diet. Storage and preparation can also influence the content of individual vitamins. Some vitamins are sensitive to light, oxygen, or prolonged heating. However, this does not mean vegetables must always be eaten raw: alternating between raw and gently prepared foods is a simple way to bring variety to the menu. Not everyone needs the same amount Reference values are guideline values for specific population groups and not the exact amount required by every single person. Age, gender, and life stage can influence individual nutrient requirements. When dietary supplements can be useful For healthy people who eat a varied and balanced diet, dietary supplements are generally not necessary. However, there are life stages and dietary forms where certain nutrients deserve special attention. In Switzerland, for example, there are specific recommendations for certain population groups. Women wishing to conceive and pregnant women are recommended to take folic acid as well as iodine supplements. For infants and children up to their third birthday, as well as for people over 60, there are recommendations for vitamin D supplementation. People who follow a vegan diet must ensure a reliable supply of vitamin B12. In addition, individual situations may make targeted supplementation necessary. Whether and in what quantity a specific nutrient should be supplemented, however, depends on the personal situation and should be discussed with a medical or nutritional expert in case of uncertainty. With micronutrients, more is not automatically better Vitamins and minerals are frequently associated with health. This easily creates the impression that a higher quantity must also bring a greater benefit. However, nutrient supply does not work that way. Dietary supplements contain nutrients in a concentrated form. If multiple products are taken at the same time, the amounts contained can add up. As a result, the total intake can turn out significantly higher than suspected at first glance. For various vitamins and minerals, there are therefore maximum limits or upper intake levels. Particularly with high-dose supplements, it makes sense to pay attention to the composition and the recommended daily dose. ! Do not combine supplements indiscriminately Anyone using multiple dietary supplements at the same time should watch out for overlaps. The same nutrient can be contained, for example, in a multivitamin preparation and additionally in a single-nutrient supplement. Potential interactions with medications should also be taken into account. Micronutrient myths debunked "Vitamins are always healthy" or "What the body doesn't need, it simply excretes" – some statements about micronutrients persist stubbornly. A quick fact check. Myth 1: "The more vitamins, the better." No. The body needs micronutrients in specific amounts. A higher intake does not automatically mean an additional health benefit. For some nutrients, very high amounts can even have undesirable effects. Myth 2: "You can't overdose on water-soluble vitamins." The fact that water-soluble vitamins are not stored to the same extent as fat-soluble vitamins does not mean that arbitrarily high amounts are unproblematic. Even for individual water-soluble vitamins, very high doses can have undesirable effects. Myth 3: "To be safe, everyone should take a multivitamin supplement." For healthy people with a varied and balanced diet, dietary supplements are generally not necessary. Certain population groups, however, have specific recommendations for individual nutrients. The decisive factor is therefore the individual situation – not the principle of "taking as much as possible as a precaution." Myth 4: "A blood test simply shows if I'm missing any vitamins." Assessing nutrient supply does not work that broadly. Which laboratory values are useful and how they are interpreted depends on the specific nutrient and the individual situation. In the case of a concrete suspicion, it should therefore be decided medically which tests are actually meaningful. Dietary supplements are foods – not medicines Legally, dietary supplements are classified as foods in Switzerland. They are intended to supplement the normal diet with vitamins, minerals, or other substances with a nutritional or physiological effect. They are not intended for the prevention or treatment of diseases. Approved health-related claims regarding individual nutrients also describe normal physiological functions – for example, that vitamin D contributes to the maintenance of normal bones. No treatment or prevention of a disease may be derived from this. Conclusion Although micronutrients are only needed in small amounts, they fulfill numerous important tasks in the body. For most healthy people, a varied and balanced diet forms the basis of a good supply. Dietary supplements can be useful in certain life stages or dietary situations. However, the decisive factor is not getting as much as possible, but the appropriate amount of the right nutrient. Frequently asked questions about micronutrients What are micronutrients? Micronutrients include vitamins and minerals, including trace elements. They do not provide energy, but are involved in numerous normal bodily functions. What is the difference between minerals and trace elements? Trace elements are a type of mineral. However, the body only needs them in comparatively small amounts. These include, for example, iron, zinc, iodine, and selenium. Which vitamins are fat-soluble? Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble. Unlike many water-soluble vitamins, they can be stored in the body to a relevant extent. Do I need dietary supplements? Healthy people with a varied and balanced diet generally do not need dietary supplements. However, there are recommendations for individual nutrients for certain population groups, for example, vitamin B12 for a vegan diet. Can you take too many vitamins or minerals? Yes. Especially through high-dose dietary supplements or the combination of several products, the intake of individual nutrients can become too high. More is therefore not automatically better. Are dietary supplements medicines? No. In Switzerland, dietary supplements are considered foods. They serve to supplement the diet and are not intended for the prevention or treatment of diseases. Note: This article is for general information purposes only and does not replace individual medical or nutritional advice. Statements regarding nutrients refer to their normal physiological functions and not to the prevention, treatment, or cure of diseases. Dietary supplements are not a substitute for a varied, balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle. The recommended daily dose of a dietary supplement should not be exceeded.  

Do screens damage your eyes? Find out what helps with dry eyes, what the 20-20-20 rule actually does, and which eye myths are false.

Shiny, full, and strong – that is how many wish their hair to be. But what we see above the scalp tells only part of the story. Hair grows in its own rhythm, reacts to internal and external influences, and can be visibly damaged by heat, dyeing, or mechanical stress. And then there is the hair in the brush and shower: How much hair loss is actually normal? What is the difference between hair breakage and hair loss – and what is really true about well-known hair myths? Hair does not just keep growing forever Every hair originates in a hair follicle in the skin and goes through its own cycle. This is why not all hairs grow at the same time – while one hair is in its growth phase, another may already be entering the resting phase. Growth phase The hair is growing. For scalp hair, this phase can last several years. Transition phase Active growth ends and the hair follicle changes. Resting and shedding phase The old hair is finally shed and the hair cycle begins anew. Because our hairs are in different phases at the same time, daily hair loss is part of the process. About 50 to 100 hairs per day are often cited as a rough guide. However, the amount actually perceived can fluctuate – for example, after a few days without washing, more may come out at once during washing. Hair breakage or hair loss? An important difference Not every hair that suddenly appears shorter or thinner has fallen out at the root. With hair breakage, the visible hair shaft breaks. This can lead to hair appearing to have uneven lengths, feeling dry or brittle, and showing increased split ends. With hair loss, on the other hand, the entire hair is lost. If fewer hairs are regenerated in total or significantly more fall out, the hair can become visibly thinner or bald spots can occur. Why this difference is important A hair treatment can nourish the surface of damaged hair and make the hair appear smoother. However, this does not automatically resolve the cause of actual hair loss. In the case of noticeable hair loss, it is therefore crucial to know the cause first. What damages our hair The visible part of the hair consists mainly of keratin. Its outer cuticle layer protects the structures underneath. If this surface is repeatedly damaged, the hair can become increasingly rough, dull, and prone to breakage. High temperatures from blow-drying, straightening, or curling can strain the hair, as can bleaching, dyeing, perms, and other chemical treatments. Frequent, vigorous brushing, pulling, and rubbing can also promote hair breakage. Depending on the hair type, wet hair should be treated with particular care. It is not just the hair shaft that can be subjected to mechanical stress. Very tight ponytails, buns, braids, or other hairstyles that constantly pull on the hair can also strain the hair follicles. If this tension persists over a long period, it can lead to what is known as traction alopecia. Hair care: Often less is more Good hair care does not need to consist of as many products as possible. What is much more important is to treat the hair according to its structure and the condition of the scalp. Shampoo is primarily needed to clean the scalp and the hair roots. When rinsing, it gets through the lengths anyway. Conditioner or suitable care can make longer or dry hair smoother and make detangling easier. Those who regularly blow-dry, straighten, or use a curling iron can reduce the strain by choosing the lowest possible temperature and not using heat for longer than necessary. The same applies to brushing: it is better to detangle carefully than to pull vigorously. Hair-conscious in everyday life Gently massage shampoo primarily into the scalp Treat wet hair carefully and do not rub dry vigorously Reduce heat as much as possible Do not perform chemical treatments unnecessarily often When brushing and detangling, do not pull hard on the hair Do not wear very tight hairstyles permanently Hair also needs nutrients Hair growth takes place in the body – accordingly, an adequate supply of energy and nutrients is part of the overall picture. A varied and balanced diet is the basis for this. There are recognized health-related claims for some nutrients: Biotin, zinc, and selenium contribute to the maintenance of normal hair. However, this statement does not mean that additional intake automatically leads to faster or denser hair growth. Nutrient deficiency can also play a role in hair loss. Therefore, especially in the case of noticeable hair loss, it makes more sense to have possible causes clarified medically rather than taking various high-dose supplements on suspicion. Hair myths cleared up There are an astonishing number of rules surrounding hair growth and hair care that are passed down from generation to generation. Not all of them stand up to a fact check. Myth 1: "If I trim the ends regularly, my hair will grow faster." Hair grows from the hair root in the scalp – not from the tips. Trimming therefore does not change the growth speed at the root. However, freshly cut tips can make the hair appear fuller and better groomed, and they remove ends that are already split or severely damaged. Myth 2: "100 brush strokes a day make hair stronger." A lot of brushing does not make hair stronger. On the contrary: unnecessarily frequent brushing and strong pulling can mechanically strain the hair shaft and promote hair breakage. It is better to detangle the hair as often as necessary and as gently as possible. Myth 3: "Lots of hair in the shower automatically means hair loss." Not necessarily. Hair is constantly being shed. For example, those who do not wash or brush their hair daily often see several hairs that have already loosened at once during the next wash. Noticeable thinning, bald spots, or significantly heavier hair loss over a longer period should, however, be investigated. Myth 4: "A special shampoo can stop any hair loss." Hair loss has many potential causes. A shampoo can clean hair and scalp and, depending on the product, provide care, but it does not automatically eliminate the cause of hair loss. In the case of noticeable hair loss, a proper diagnosis is therefore more important than a product promise. Why does more hair fall out suddenly? Hair loss is not a single disease, but can have very different causes. A common form is hereditary hair loss. In addition, for example, certain diseases, hormonal changes, medications, or an insufficient supply of certain nutrients can play a role. After childbirth, an illness with high fever, an operation, or pronounced physical or mental stress, there can also be a delayed onset of increased hair loss. In this process, more hairs than usual can move into the resting and subsequent shedding phase at the same time. Changes in thyroid function or iron deficiency are also among the possible medical connections. However, which cause is present in an individual case cannot be determined by the shed hair alone. When should hair loss be investigated? A few extra hairs in the brush are no reason for concern. However, if hair density changes visibly, hair loss appears unusually severe, or bald spots appear, medical or dermatological consultation is advisable. ! Please have it checked by a doctor Suddenly occurring or persistently noticeable hair loss, noticeably thinning hair, circular or other bald spots, and changes to the scalp should be evaluated medically. Additional symptoms can also provide important clues to the cause. Conclusion Hair naturally goes through a growth cycle – which is why shed hair is part of everyday life. At the same time, it is worth distinguishing between hair breakage, normal hair shedding, and actual hair loss. Gentle care can help avoid unnecessary damage to the hair. If, however, the hair becomes noticeably thinner or falls out increasingly, finding the cause is more important than the next supposed miracle cure. Frequently asked questions about hair and hair loss How much hair do you lose a day? About 50 to 100 hairs daily are often cited as a rough guide. What is decisive is less the counting of individual hairs than a noticeable change compared to one's normal personal state, such as visibly thinning hair or bald spots. How do I recognize hair breakage? With hair breakage, the hair shaft breaks, which can lead to hairs of different lengths. The hair can simultaneously appear dry, rough, or split. With hair loss, however, the entire hair comes out. Does hair grow faster if you cut it often? No. Hair grows from the hair follicles in the scalp. Trimming the ends does not influence the growth speed at the hair root. However, it can remove damaged ends and make the hair appear better groomed. Can stress lead to increased hair loss? Pronounced physical or mental stress can be associated with increased hair loss that occurs with a delay. Since hair loss has many potential causes, noticeable or persistent hair loss should, however, be clarified medically. Which nutrients contribute to the maintenance of normal hair? Biotin, zinc, and selenium contribute to the maintenance of normal hair. However, it cannot be inferred from this that additional intake will make the hair grow faster or treat hair loss if one already has an adequate supply. When should I see a doctor for hair loss? A consultation is particularly useful in the case of suddenly occurring or persistently noticeable hair loss, visibly thinning hair, bald spots, or accompanying changes to the scalp. Note: This article is for general information and does not replace a medical diagnosis, advice, or treatment. Information regarding nutrients refers to their normal physiological functions and not to the prevention, treatment, or cure of hair loss or other illnesses. For noticeable or persistent hair loss, please consult a medical professional.  

It protects, feels, regulates, and is constantly renewing itself – and yet we often only notice our skin when it feels tight, itches, or changes. As the largest organ of the human body, it forms the boundary between our body and the outside world, taking on a surprisingly large number of tasks in the process. But what actually makes our skin so resilient? Why does it sometimes become dry or sensitive – and what factors influence how it looks and feels? Three layers, one strong team What we see of our skin is only its outermost layer. In fact, it consists of several levels that perform different tasks and work closely together. Epidermis The outermost skin layer is constantly renewing itself. Its horny layer forms an important barrier between the body and the environment. Dermis This layer contains, among other things, collagen and elastic fibers, blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, as well as sweat and sebaceous glands. Subcutis (hypodermis) It consists largely of fat and connective tissue, cushions the body, insulates against cold, and serves as an energy store. Our personal protective layer Every day, our skin comes into contact with water, clothing, sunlight, cold, heat, and numerous substances from our environment. At the same time, it helps to protect the body from external influences and excessive water loss. The skin barrier plays an important part in this. Put simply, you can imagine it like a wall: horny cells form the "bricks," while skin lipids fill the spaces between them. Together, they make it difficult for unwanted substances to penetrate and prevent too much water from being lost through the skin. If this barrier is impaired, it can be noticeable through symptoms such as dry, rough, tight, or sensitive skin. The skin can do even more Through nerve endings, we perceive touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. Sweat production and changes in skin blood flow help regulate body temperature. Vitamin D can also be produced in the skin under the influence of UVB radiation. Why does our skin change? No skin remains the same for a lifetime. Predisposition, age, and hormonal changes influence factors such as the skin's moisture, oil production, elasticity, and appearance. At the same time, our environment also leaves its mark. UV radiation is particularly significant. Repeated UV exposure contributes to premature skin aging and increases the risk of skin cancer. Smoking can also promote visible skin aging. How quickly changes appear is individual. Wrinkles, pigment changes, or drier skin are therefore not solely linked to a specific age, but arise from an interplay of various internal and external factors. Sun protection: What does the sun protection factor actually mean? When it comes to sun protection, many people think of sunscreen first. It is important – but only one part of the protection. Shade and clothing help to reduce the skin's UV exposure. On exposed areas of skin, a suitable sunscreen complements the protection. On the packaging, we encounter the sun protection factor, or SPF. It primarily describes protection against UVB radiation, which is significantly involved in the development of sunburn. A higher SPF provides higher protection – but only if the product is applied sufficiently and correctly. UVA UVA radiation penetrates deeper into the skin and contributes to premature skin aging, among other things. It is also involved in the development of skin cancer. UVB UVB radiation mainly affects the more superficial skin layers and is significantly involved in the development of sunburn. It can also damage the genetic material of skin cells. Therefore, a sunscreen should protect against both UVA and UVB radiation. For exposed skin, the Swiss Cancer League recommends a sunscreen with at least SPF 30. A higher SPF can be useful, especially during periods of high UV exposure. The amount is also crucial. If sunscreen is applied too sparingly, the stated protection is not achieved. Ears, nose, neck, shoulders, tops of the feet, and other easily forgotten areas should also be protected. Good to know A high SPF is not a free pass for an unlimited stay in the sun. Reapplying is important – especially after swimming, sweating, or toweling off. However, it does not indefinitely extend the possible time spent in the sun. The UV index shows how intense the UV radiation is on a given day. The higher the value, the stronger the UV radiation and the more important appropriate protective measures are. One should not be fooled by the temperature alone: UV radiation can also be relevant on cooler or cloudy days. Sun myths debunked A few notions persist stubbornly around the sun, tanning, and sun protection. Time for a quick fact check. Myth 1: "If I'm already tanned, I won't get burned anymore." Tanned skin does have a certain natural self-protection, but this is limited. Even skin that is already tanned can get a sunburn. Tanning is a reaction of the skin to UV radiation and does not make further UV exposure harmless. Sun protection therefore remains important even with tanned skin. Myth 2: "I don't need sun protection in the shade." Shade reduces UV exposure but does not protect completely. UV radiation can be scattered and reflected by, for example, water, sand, or other surfaces. Depending on the situation, additional protective measures are therefore also sensible in the shade. Myth 3: "I can't get a sunburn when it's cloudy." UV radiation reaches the Earth's surface even with a cloudy sky. Clouds can change the exposure, but they do not offer reliable protection. The current UV index provides better orientation than looking at the sky. Myth 4: "With SPF 50, I can stay in the sun all day." Even a high SPF does not offer complete protection. Furthermore, the stated protection is only achieved if enough sunscreen is applied evenly. Reapplying is important, for example after swimming, sweating, or toweling off – but it does not indefinitely extend the possible time spent in the sun. What's good for the skin in everyday life Skincare doesn't have to be complicated. Sensitive or dry skin in particular often benefits from gentle cleansing. Very hot water and heavily degreasing products can put additional strain on the skin. For dry skin, a suitable replenishing or moisturizing product can help keep the skin supple. General lifestyle is also part of the big picture. A varied diet provides the body with numerous nutrients. For some of these, there are recognized links to the skin: Among other things, biotin, niacin, riboflavin, vitamin A, and zinc contribute to the maintenance of normal skin. These nutrients occur naturally in various foods. There is therefore no single "skin food" – a varied and balanced diet is what is decisive. Skin-conscious through everyday life protect the skin from excessive UV radiation use shade and clothing as sun protection protect uncovered skin with a suitable sunscreen cleanse the skin gently and according to skin type support dry skin with suitable care if necessary do not smoke ensure a varied and balanced diet When the skin suddenly changes Our skin is constantly changing and many changes are harmless. Nevertheless, it is worth knowing your own skin and paying attention to new or unusual changes. Pigmented spots, in particular, that change in size, shape, or color, as well as areas of skin that bleed repeatedly or do not heal, should be assessed by a doctor. Persistent severe itching, recurring rashes, or significantly inflamed skin can also be a reason for dermatological clarification. ! In case of doubt, have it looked at A change in the skin cannot always be safely assessed by its appearance alone. New, conspicuous, or changing areas of skin should therefore be clarified medically if there is uncertainty. Conclusion Our skin works around the clock: it delimits the body from the environment, helps with temperature regulation, and enables us to feel our surroundings. It doesn't need much for this in everyday life: reasonable handling of the sun, care that suits it, and attention when something changes. Frequently asked questions about our skin What is the skin barrier? The outer areas of the skin form a barrier between the body and the environment. Especially the horny layer with its horny cells and lipids helps to keep water in the skin and makes it difficult for external substances to penetrate. Why does the skin become dry? Dry skin can have many causes. These include, for example, dry air, frequent washing, unsuitable cleaning products, age, and individual predisposition. Persistently very dry, itchy, or inflamed skin should be clarified medically. What is the difference between SPF 30 and SPF 50? The sun protection factor primarily describes protection against UVB radiation. SPF 50 offers higher protection than SPF 30. It is crucial, however, that the sunscreen is applied sufficiently and evenly. Even a high SPF does not replace shade and protective clothing. Can I get a sunburn even with tanned skin? Yes. An existing tan offers only limited natural self-protection. Even tanned skin can be damaged by UV radiation and develop a sunburn. Sun protection therefore remains important. Which nutrients contribute to the maintenance of normal skin? These include, among others, biotin, niacin, riboflavin, vitamin A, and zinc. A varied and balanced diet provides these and many other nutrients. Which skin changes should I have clarified? New or conspicuous areas of skin, changing pigmented spots, repeatedly bleeding or non-healing areas, as well as persistent severe itching or inflammatory skin changes should be assessed medically if there is uncertainty. Note: This article is for general information and does not replace medical diagnosis, advice, or treatment. Information on nutrients refers to their normal physiological functions and not to the prevention, treatment, or cure of diseases. In case of conspicuous or persistent skin changes, please consult a medical professional.  

We spend about a third of our lives asleep – yet our body is by no means idle during this time. While we sleep, our brain and body go through various sleep stages. Memories are processed, numerous physical processes continue, and we create the conditions necessary to be awake and productive again the next day. But how much sleep do we actually need? What happens during the night – and why can you lie in bed for eight hours and still not feel rested in the morning? What happens while we sleep? Sleep is not a uniform state. Over the course of a night, various sleep stages alternate. We go through phases of non-REM sleep—from light to deep sleep—and REM sleep several times. The composition changes throughout the night: deep sleep is more prevalent in the first half of the night, while REM phases become longer toward morning. A complete sleep cycle does not last the same length of time for everyone or at every point in time. Light sleep Sleep begins and gradually deepens. In the lighter sleep stages, we are still relatively easy to wake. Deep sleep In this particularly deep sleep phase, heart rate and breathing decrease, among other things. It is harder to wake up. REM sleep The eyes move rapidly, the brain is very active, and particularly vivid dreams occur frequently during this phase. When we get tired and wake up again is influenced, among other things, by our internal clock and increasing sleep pressure. Light also plays an important role: darkness promotes the release of the hormone melatonin and signals to the body that the night is beginning. Seven, eight, or nine hours – how much sleep do we need? The famous eight hours is not a magic number. Sleep requirements differ from person to person and change over the course of our lives. For adults, about seven to nine hours of sleep per night is a common guideline. Children and adolescents generally require more sleep. Furthermore, when and how deeply we sleep can change as we get older. However, the pure number of hours does not tell the whole story. Sleep quality also counts. Anyone who sleeps long enough but wakes up frequently or feels distinctly sleepy during the day should therefore not just look at the clock. Lark or owl? Not everyone gets tired at the same time. Some people are productive early in the morning and tired early in the evening, while others do not really wake up until later. These differences in personal daily rhythm are referred to as a chronotype. What can support good sleep Sleep cannot be forced at the push of a button. However, certain habits can help the body develop a reliable day-night rhythm. This includes going to bed and waking up at regular times as much as possible. Daylight and physical activity during the day also play a role in our sleep-wake rhythm. In the evening, it is worth looking at the sleeping environment. A quiet, dark, and relatively cool bedroom creates favorable conditions for the night. A personal evening ritual—for example, reading, quiet music, or relaxation—can additionally signal that the day is coming to an end. Caffeine also deserves attention. Its effects can last for several hours, which is why coffee or other caffeinated beverages in the late afternoon and evening can make it difficult for sensitive people to fall asleep. Although alcohol initially makes you sleepy, it can disturb sleep later in the night. Large or heavy meals immediately before going to bed are also not comfortable for everyone. :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1} Smartphones, tablets, and other bright screens introduce additional light in the evening. Anyone who notices that they have trouble switching off can try consciously putting electronic devices aside before going to bed. :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2} Good conditions for the night as regular sleep and wake times as possible daylight and exercise during the day a quiet, dark, and relatively cool bedroom keep an eye on caffeine intake later in the day do not use alcohol as a sleep aid consciously wind down before going to sleep And what if you lie awake at night? Waking up briefly at night is nothing unusual initially. Many of these short periods of wakefulness are not even remembered the next morning. It can become more difficult if you lie awake for a long time and start to get annoyed about falling asleep or constantly look at the clock. In the case of long-lasting sleep problems, treating insomnia often involves, among other things, associating the bed as much as possible with sleep and temporarily getting up if you lie awake for a long time until you feel sleepy again. :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3} Anyone who frequently sleeps poorly can also keep a sleep diary for a while. Sleep times, nightly wake phases, naps, and daytime fatigue can help identify patterns and provide useful information during a medical consultation. :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4} When should sleep problems be evaluated? Almost everyone knows what it is like to have the occasional bad night. It becomes burdensome especially when sleep problems occur repeatedly and affect daily life, concentration, or well-being. Obvious snoring accompanied by observed breathing pauses should also be addressed. Such breathing pauses can indicate sleep apnea. Pronounced daytime fatigue is also one of the possible signs. :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5} ! Please have it checked by a doctor Recurring or long-lasting sleep problems, pronounced daytime fatigue, observed breathing pauses, or other conspicuous symptoms during the night should be medically evaluated. Anyone who has difficulty staying awake while driving or in other dangerous situations due to fatigue should take this particularly seriously. Conclusion Sleep is far more than just a break from the day. Night after night, various sleep stages alternate while the body and brain remain active. The decisive factor is not reaching a perfect number of hours every night. Getting enough restful sleep, having a rhythm that is as regular as possible, and having good conditions for the night are more important than focusing on a single number. Common questions about sleep How many hours of sleep does an adult need? For adults, about seven to nine hours per night are often mentioned as a guideline. However, individual sleep needs can vary. Do you really have to sleep eight hours? No. Eight hours is not a universally valid ideal value. Sleep requirements are individual. In addition to sleep duration, sleep quality and well-being during the day are also important. Is it normal to wake up at night? Short periods of wakefulness during the night are normal and are often not consciously perceived at all. An evaluation may be advisable if longer periods of wakefulness occur regularly and sleep or daily life suffers as a result. Does a nap help? A short nap can improve alertness during the day. Anyone who has difficulty falling asleep in the evening should observe whether longer or late naps make night sleep more difficult. Can alcohol help you fall asleep? Alcohol can make you sleepy at first, but it can disrupt sleep later in the night. Therefore, it is not suitable as a sleep aid. When should I see a doctor about sleep problems? If sleep problems occur repeatedly or persist and affect your daily life, a medical consultation makes sense. This applies in particular to pronounced daytime fatigue, observed breathing pauses, or other conspicuous symptoms during the night. Note: This article is for general information and does not replace a medical diagnosis, advice, or treatment. In the case of persistent sleep problems or symptoms, please consult your doctor. The content does not refer to HAWLIK products.

Cholesterol has a bad reputation – yet our body needs it every day. It is a component of our cell membranes and a raw material for, among other things, steroid hormones and bile acids. The real issue can arise from permanently elevated levels of certain blood lipids. This article explains what lies behind terms like LDL and HDL, how blood lipid levels are measured and classified, and what role diet, exercise, and other lifestyle habits play. What is cholesterol? Cholesterol is a fat-like substance that the body produces itself. Additionally, cholesterol is absorbed through food. Because cholesterol is not water-soluble, it is transported in the blood along with other fats and proteins in so-called lipoproteins. The abbreviations LDL and HDL are particularly common in this context. LDL cholesterol LDL transports cholesterol in the blood to various tissues. Permanently elevated LDL cholesterol plays a central role in the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. HDL cholesterol HDL is involved in the reverse transport of cholesterol from various tissues back to the liver. Colloquially, it is therefore often referred to as "good" cholesterol. Triglycerides Triglycerides are another form of blood lipid. They are frequently measured along with cholesterol levels during a blood lipid test. Why is LDL cholesterol important? If there is a lot of LDL cholesterol in the blood over a long period, cholesterol can penetrate the vessel wall and contribute to the formation of atherosclerotic deposits. Such changes can develop over many years. However, personal cardiovascular risk does not depend solely on cholesterol. Factors such as blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, family predisposition, age, and other health factors also play a role. Elevated cholesterol levels generally do not cause noticeable symptoms. They are therefore often only detected during a blood test. Did you know? For some people, significantly elevated LDL levels are genetic. One example is familial hypercholesterolemia. Those affected have elevated LDL levels from birth and thus have a higher lifelong burden of LDL cholesterol. Medical supervision is particularly important in this case. How are cholesterol levels measured and classified? Blood lipids are determined through a blood test. This typically involves looking at various values, including total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. There is no single LDL target value that applies equally to everyone. The values to aim for depend on personal cardiovascular risk. This takes into account age, blood pressure, smoking, existing conditions, and family history, among other factors. A laboratory value should therefore not be assessed in isolation. The individual classification is performed by a physician. Lipoprotein(a): another value to know about Besides LDL and HDL, lipoprotein(a), or Lp(a) for short, also plays a role in assessing cardiovascular risk. It is a lipoprotein whose concentration is largely genetically determined. Elevated Lp(a) levels can be associated with a higher risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Current European guidelines therefore recommend considering a measurement of Lp(a) at least once in adulthood. Lp(a) is not automatically part of every routine blood lipid test. Those who would like to know whether a measurement makes sense in their case can bring this up at their next medical check-up. What role does lifestyle play? In addition to genetic predisposition, diet, exercise, smoking, and other lifestyle habits can influence blood lipids and the general cardiovascular risk. When it comes to diet, it is not just the amount of fat eaten that matters, but also the type of fat. A balanced diet prioritizes plant-based foods and sources of unsaturated fatty acids. These include, for example, vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds. Foods with a high proportion of saturated fatty acids should be consumed more sparingly. Vegetables, fruits, legumes, and whole-grain products are also part of a varied diet. Instead of classifying individual foods as "good" or "bad" for cholesterol levels in isolation, the overall dietary pattern is decisive. Regular exercise complements a heart-healthy lifestyle. It does not always have to be intensive sports: brisk walking, cycling, climbing stairs, and more movement in everyday life also count. Heart-healthy in everyday life eat a varied and plant-forward diet prefer unsaturated fats incorporate regular exercise into daily life do not smoke have blood pressure, blood sugar, and blood lipids checked according to medical recommendations And what about cholesterol in food? Cholesterol is primarily found in animal-based foods. How much cholesterol from food affects cholesterol levels in the blood, however, differs from person to person. For a heart-healthy lifestyle, the overall dietary pattern is therefore more important than focusing solely on the cholesterol content of an individual food. When is medical supervision important? A medical check of blood lipids is particularly important if elevated levels are already known, other cardiovascular risk factors exist, or if cardiovascular diseases have occurred in the family at a relatively young age. Depending on the overall personal risk, lifestyle changes alone may not be sufficient. In that case, pharmacological lowering of LDL cholesterol may be necessary. Which treatment is suitable is decided on an individual basis by a doctor. Prescribed medication should not be changed or discontinued independently. Conclusion Cholesterol is indispensable for the human body. However, permanently elevated LDL levels can promote the development of atherosclerosis and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. The decisive factor is not a single laboratory value, but the total individual risk. Those who know their blood lipid levels, have them professionally assessed, and maintain a balanced lifestyle create a good foundation for their own cardiovascular health. Frequently asked questions about cholesterol What is the difference between LDL and HDL? LDL and HDL are lipoproteins that transport cholesterol in the blood. LDL brings cholesterol to various tissues. HDL is, among other things, involved in transporting cholesterol back to the liver. Permanently elevated LDL levels play a central role in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Can you feel high cholesterol? Generally, no. Elevated cholesterol levels usually do not cause noticeable symptoms and are often detected during a blood test. Which cholesterol level is normal? There is no uniform LDL target value for everyone. The values to aim for depend on personal cardiovascular risk. The individual assessment should be made by a physician. Are eggs bad for cholesterol? The influence of dietary cholesterol on blood levels varies individually. For cardiovascular health, the overall dietary pattern is more important than looking at a single food in isolation. If blood lipid levels are significantly elevated, individual nutritional counseling can be helpful. What is lipoprotein(a)? Lipoprotein(a), or Lp(a), is a lipoprotein whose concentration is predominantly genetically determined. Elevated levels can influence cardiovascular risk. A measurement can therefore be considered at least once in adulthood. How often should one have cholesterol levels measured? This depends on factors such as age, previous blood tests, underlying conditions, and other risk factors. A family doctor can determine on an individual basis when check-ups are appropriate. Read more Keeping vessels healthy – what you can do yourself in everyday life Note: This article is for general information purposes only and does not replace medical diagnosis, advice, or treatment. If you have questions about your blood values, please consult your doctor. The content does not refer to HAWLIK products.

Pollen, house dust mites, pet dander, or certain foods: Allergies can have very different triggers. At the same time, terms like allergy and intolerance are often used interchangeably in everyday life – however, medically speaking, they are not the same thing. The crucial factor is primarily the mechanism behind the symptoms. In an allergy, the immune system is involved. With many intolerances, however, the symptoms arise via other mechanisms. What is an allergy? In an allergy, the immune system reacts to an actually harmless substance. Such triggers are called allergens. These can include, for example, pollen, house dust mites, animal allergens, insect venom, or certain components of food. The immune system recognizes the allergen in question as a threat and initiates an immune response. Depending on the allergy, various messenger substances can be released. One of the best known is histamine. Which symptoms occur depends, among other things, on the type of allergy and contact with the allergen. Possible symptoms include sneezing, a runny or stuffy nose, watery or itchy eyes, skin reactions, swelling, gastrointestinal problems, or breathing difficulties. Allergy or intolerance – what is the difference? The most important difference lies in the underlying mechanism. With an allergy, the immune system is involved. With an intolerance, symptoms can occur without an allergic immune response being present. Allergy The immune system reacts to an allergen. In food allergies, specific proteins are often the trigger. The reactions can affect different organ systems and, in rare cases, can be severe. Intolerance With an intolerance, for example, certain food components cannot be sufficiently processed or absorbed. A well-known example is lactose intolerance. In lactose intolerance, there is too little of the enzyme lactase available. As a result, milk sugar is not sufficiently broken down in the small intestine and passes increasingly into the large intestine. There, it can cause symptoms such as bloating, abdominal pain, or diarrhea. Celiac disease, on the other hand, is not a classic food intolerance. It is an immune-mediated disease in which gluten triggers an immune response in genetically predisposed individuals, which can damage the small intestine. It should therefore be clearly distinguished from a lactose intolerance or a wheat allergy. And what about histamine? Symptoms after consuming histamine-rich foods are often grouped under the term histamine intolerance. However, the underlying mechanisms are complex, and the diagnosis cannot be made with a single simple test. Since symptoms such as headaches, skin flushing, gastrointestinal problems, or heart palpitations can have numerous other causes, professional medical advice is advisable before permanently eliminating foods from your diet. Which allergies are common? Allergic reactions can be triggered by very different substances. Common allergy groups include pollen allergies, house dust mite allergies, animal allergies, insect venom allergies, food allergies, drug allergies, and contact allergies to certain substances such as metals or fragrances. Molds can also trigger allergic symptoms. Which allergens are relevant and how strongly a person reacts to them varies greatly from individual to individual. Why do allergies develop? Why one person develops an allergy and another does not usually cannot be attributed to a single cause. A genetic predisposition plays an important role. In addition, various environmental and lifestyle factors, as well as the type and timing of contact with allergens, are being scientifically investigated. The development of allergic diseases is therefore much more complex than a simple classification into an "overactive" or "underactive" immune system. What happens in the immune system? Our immune system consists of many different cell types and signaling pathways that work closely together. These also include various groups of T-helper cells. In certain allergic diseases, so-called type 2 immune responses play an important role. This can involve, among other things, T-helper cells, B-cells, IgE antibodies, mast cells, and various messenger substances. However, modern immunology is much more complex than the earlier, simplified model of a "TH1/TH2 balance." Allergies can therefore not be reliably explained as simple "TH2 dominance" and consequently cannot be treated by non-specific stimulation of the other system. Caution with food allergies A genuine food allergy should not be equated with a mere intolerance. Even small amounts of an allergen can trigger symptoms in sensitive individuals. It is not always possible to reliably predict how severe a reaction will be. ! Important for known allergies A food to which you have already had an allergic reaction should not be tested again on your own. Whether and under what conditions a food might be tolerated should be discussed with a professional if a food allergy has been diagnosed. What can you do in everyday life? The most important first step is to know what you are actually reacting to. Symptoms alone are not always enough to distinguish between an allergy and an intolerance. Targeted medical clarification can therefore help to avoid unnecessary restrictions. With a confirmed allergy, the priority is to handle the known allergen as safely as possible. For pollen allergies, it can also be helpful to take the current pollen count into account and adjust your daily routine accordingly. Practical guidance Get potential triggers medically clarified Avoid known allergens according to professional recommendations Read food labels and allergen warnings Consider current pollen counts for seasonal allergies Use prescribed medications according to medical advice When does an allergic reaction become an emergency? Allergic reactions can vary in severity. If there is sudden shortness of breath, noticeable swelling in the mouth or throat, circulatory problems, or several severe symptoms occurring simultaneously, it could be a severe allergic reaction. ! Severe allergic reactions are a medical emergency In the event of signs of a severe allergic reaction, medical help should be sought immediately. People with a known severe allergy should follow their doctor-defined emergency plan and use prescribed emergency medication. Conclusion Allergies and intolerances can cause similar symptoms, but are based on different mechanisms. In an allergy, the immune system is involved, whereas with a lactose intolerance, for example, the digestion of a specific food component is impaired. An accurate diagnosis is particularly useful if symptoms occur repeatedly or if there is a suspicion of a food allergy. This makes it easier to assess which triggers are actually relevant and which measures make sense. Frequently asked questions about allergies and intolerances What is the difference between an allergy and an intolerance? With an allergy, the immune system reacts to an allergen. With many intolerances, no allergic immune response is involved. An example is lactose intolerance, where lactose is not sufficiently digested due to reduced lactase activity. Is celiac disease a gluten intolerance? Celiac disease is sometimes colloquially referred to as gluten intolerance, but medically it is an immune-mediated disease. It should be distinguished from a wheat allergy and other intolerances. Can an allergy develop suddenly? In principle, allergies can occur for the first time even in adulthood. Newly appearing symptoms should therefore be medically clarified. Are allergenic foods better tolerated when cooked? Heating changes some proteins, whereas other allergens remain stable. Whether a specific food is tolerated in heated form depends on the respective allergy. In the case of a known food allergy, this should not be tried out independently. When should an allergy be medically evaluated? Recurrent or severe symptoms as well as the suspicion of a food, medication, or insect venom allergy should be evaluated by a doctor. If there are signs of a severe allergic reaction, immediate medical attention is required. Note: This article is for general information purposes only and does not replace medical diagnosis, advice, or treatment. If you have symptoms or suspect an allergy, please consult a medical professional. The content does not relate to HAWLIK products.

Suddenly, heat rises from the upper body to the face, the skin flushes, and sweat breaks out. This is how many women experience hot flashes. Especially at night, they can impair sleep. Hot flashes occur particularly frequently around menopause. This article explains what happens in the body, which factors can play a role, and what simple adjustments can make everyday life more comfortable. What are hot flashes? A hot flash is a sudden feeling of warmth that often spreads across the upper body, neck, and face. This may be accompanied by sweating, skin redness, or heart palpitations. A single flash often lasts only a few minutes. Afterward, a temporary feeling of cold may occur. If such sweating attacks occur at night, this is often referred to as night sweats. Hot flashes and night sweats in connection with menopause are medically known as vasomotor symptoms. Did you know? Hot flashes are among the most common complaints during menopause. How severe, how frequent, and over what period they occur varies greatly from person to person. Where do hot flashes come from? Hot flashes occur particularly frequently during menopause. During this life phase, estrogen levels change, among other things. These hormonal changes also affect the body's temperature regulation. Simply put, the range in which the body feels comfortable regarding temperature becomes narrower. The body may therefore react to even small temperature changes with heat dissipation: the blood vessels in the skin expand, and sweat production may increase. However, hot flashes and heavy sweating can also have other causes. These include, for example, certain medications or medical treatments, thyroid function disorders, infections, or other hormonal changes. Some women also observe that hot flashes occur more frequently in certain situations. Spicy foods, alcohol, caffeinated or hot drinks, smoking, stress, excitement, or warm rooms can play an individual role. Which factors actually have an influence varies from person to person. A simple diary can help to identify personal patterns. New or unusually severe symptoms should not automatically be attributed to menopause but should be medically clarified if necessary. Night sweats: Tips for more pleasant nights Nighttime hot flashes can interrupt sleep. A few simple adjustments can help make the sleeping environment more comfortable. flex:1 1 190px; border:1px solid #dddddd; border-radius:12px; padding:22px; text-align:center; "> Comfortable room temperature A cooler and well-ventilated bedroom can feel more pleasant. Light bedding Light bed linen and several thin layers are easier to adjust to your personal feeling of warmth. Calm evening A calm evening routine and regular sleep times can create good conditions for restful sleep. A glass of water by the bed, light nightwear, or a spare set of pajamas can also be practical if heavy sweating occurs at night. What can help during the day Even small adjustments in everyday life can help you cope better with fluctuating heat sensations. Several thin layers of clothing can be adjusted quickly as needed, and light, breathable materials can provide added comfort. A varied and balanced diet, as well as regular physical activity, are part of a healthy lifestyle. If you observe that certain foods, drinks, or situations are related to hot flashes, you can take these personal triggers into account. Stress and excitement are also perceived by some as triggers. Mindful breaks and moments of relaxation can therefore be a useful addition. Practical ideas for everyday life Wear clothing in several light layers Pay attention to individually perceived triggers Integrate regular movement into your daily routine Drink enough fluids Plan conscious breaks and recovery phases What to do about severe hot flashes? Not every hot flash requires treatment. However, if symptoms occur frequently, impair sleep, or cause significant burden in everyday life, a medical consultation is worthwhile. Various medical treatment options are available for distressing vasomotor symptoms, including hormonal and non-hormonal approaches. The appropriate treatment depends on factors such as individual symptoms, potential risks, existing health conditions, and personal preferences. width:38px; height:38px; flex:0 0 38px; border:1px solid currentColor; border-radius:50%; display:flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; font-size:21px; font-weight:600; line-height:1; "> ! Plant-based preparations Plant-based preparations are also available for the menopause. However, "natural" does not automatically mean that a supplement is suitable for every person. Especially if you have existing health conditions or are taking other medications, you should discuss their use with a doctor or pharmacist. When is medical consultation advisable? Hot flashes are common during menopause. Medical consultation is especially advisable if the symptoms are new, seem unusual, or significantly impact your quality of life. width:38px; height:38px; flex:0 0 38px; border:1px solid currentColor; border-radius:50%; display:flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; font-size:21px; font-weight:600; line-height:1; "> ! Get symptoms checked Speak with a doctor if hot flashes or night sweats significantly affect your daily life or sleep, or if they occur without a clear connection to menopause. Night sweats accompanied by other symptoms such as fever or unintended weight loss should also be medically evaluated. Conclusion Hot flashes and night sweats are among the most common symptoms associated with menopause. However, the frequency and intensity vary from woman to woman. A comfortable sleeping environment, adjustable clothing, and tracking personal triggers can make it easier to manage hot flashes in everyday life. In cases of severe or unusual symptoms, medical consultation is advisable. Frequently asked questions about hot flashes cursor:pointer; padding:17px 0; font-weight:600; "> How long does a hot flash last? A single hot flash often lasts only a few minutes. However, duration and intensity can vary individually. cursor:pointer; padding:17px 0; font-weight:600; "> Why do hot flashes also occur at night? Hormonally influenced temperature regulation does not only change during the day. Hot flashes can therefore also occur while sleeping, leading to night sweats and waking up at night. cursor:pointer; padding:17px 0; font-weight:600; "> Can men also have hot flashes? Yes. Hot flashes can also occur in men, for example in connection with certain hormonal changes, health conditions, medications, or medical treatments. cursor:pointer; padding:17px 0; font-weight:600; "> What can I do during a hot flash? Simple measures such as removing a layer of clothing, getting fresh air, or having a cool drink are often found to be helpful. Which measures provide relief is an individual matter. When should night sweats be medically evaluated? New or severe night sweats should be medically evaluated, especially if accompanied by other symptoms such as fever or unexplained weight loss. Read more Menopause: what changes in the body Healthy sleep: small habits Note: This article is for general information purposes only and does not replace professional medical diagnosis, advice, or treatment. If you have any concerns, please contact your doctor. The content does not refer to HAWLIK products.